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JET ENGINE PROPULSION

JET ENGINE PROPULSION. Chapter 2. Mechanical Arrangement. JET ENGINE MECHANICAL ARRANGEMENT. Rolls-Royce AVON – Canberra /Lightening – 1950’s technology. JET ENGINE MECHANICAL ARRANGEMENT. Fuel, Oil, and Hydraulic Pumps, Electrical Generators, RPM Governor.

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JET ENGINE PROPULSION

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  1. JET ENGINE PROPULSION Chapter 2 Mechanical Arrangement

  2. JET ENGINE MECHANICAL ARRANGEMENT Rolls-Royce AVON – Canberra /Lightening – 1950’s technology

  3. JET ENGINE MECHANICAL ARRANGEMENT Fuel, Oil, and Hydraulic Pumps, Electrical Generators, RPM Governor. Rolls-Royce AVON - (Graphic Representation) Front Compressor Casing Front Engine Mount Rear Compressor Case Combustion Chambers (Cans) Engine Intake Jet Pipe (Exhaust) Accessory Gearbox Oil Tank Turbine Section Rear Engine Mount

  4. JET ENGINE MECHANICAL ARRANGEMENT Rolls-Royce AVON - Cut away view

  5. JET ENGINE MECHANICAL ARRANGEMENT Turbo-jet = no Bypass Duct

  6. JET ENGINE MECHANICAL ARRANGEMENT FRONT BULLET AND SUPPORT VANES SUPPORT BEARINGS REAR CONE AND SUPPORT VANES NOZZLE GUIDE VANES (NGV’S) STATOR VANES COMPRESSOR OUTER CASINGS COMBUSTION OUTER CASINGS COMBUSTION INNER CASING COMBUSTION FLAME TUBE Engine Casings – Static Assembly

  7. JET ENGINE MECHANICAL ARRANGEMENT Compressor Blades Turbine Blades Shaft Assembly Rotating Assembly

  8. JET ENGINE MECHANICAL ARRANGEMENT Above ambient Ambient temp 450 Deg C 2,500 Deg C 1,000 Deg C The shaded area is called the ‘GAS PATH’. These sections expand first Problem! Temperature changes cause the shaft and casings to expand and contract But by different amounts! This could put tremendous unwanted forces on the casings and shaft leading to failures (We’ll look at what happens to the air passing through the GAS PATH in Gas Turbine Operation.) Solution? Its all in the bearings!

  9. JET ENGINE MECHANICAL ARRANGEMENT Front Bearing Chamber Centre Bearing Chamber Rear Bearing Chamber Roller Bearing Ball Bearing (Location Bearing) Roller Bearing Bearing Chambers

  10. JET ENGINE MECHANICAL ARRANGEMENT Ball Bearings Provide Positive Axial Location Hot section Casing Shaft Front Bearing Chamber Centre Bearing Chamber Rear Bearing Chamber Casing Representation of jet engine bearing layout

  11. JET ENGINE MECHANICAL ARRANGEMENT Casing Then, with ‘heat soak’ the shaft expands Casing Shaft and Casing have no differential movement at this point Representation of jet engine layout The casing expands first - pushing the rear outer bearing with it The same happens at the front with pressured air and heat sink from the combustor heating the hardware The engine is actually designed to dimensions based on normal operating temperatures Shaft

  12. JET ENGINE MECHANICAL ARRANGEMENT JET ENGINE COMBUSTOR OPERATION WHERE THE POWER IS PRODUCED

  13. JET ENGINE – Combustion Process IN A PISTON ENGINE: - FUEL IS MIXED WITH AIR BEFORE ENTERING THE CYLINDERS THE FUEL/AIR MIXTURE IS THEN COMPRESSED THEN IT IS IGNITED BY A SPARK ONCE FOR TWO REVS OF THE ENGINE (IN THE 4 STROKE CYCLE) IN A JET ENGINE: - AIR IS COMPRESSED AND FORCED INTO THE COMBUSTOR FIRST THEN THE FUEL IS SPRAYED IN UNDER PRESSURE IT IS THEN IGNITED BY A SPARK (BUT ONLY ONCE FOR STARTING) COMBUSTION IS THEN CONTINUOUS WHILST THE ENGINE IS RUNNING THE SAME AS A PLUMBERS BLOW TORCH!

  14. JET ENGINE – Combustion Process We’re going to look in detail at what happens here But first we’ll look at the layout of the combustion system Combustor Layout

  15. JET ENGINE – Combustion Process ENGINE STRUCTURE AND SHAFTS EACH CAN HAS A FUEL SPRAY NOZZLE (FSN) INNER CASING OUTER CASING Combustor Layout INDIVIDUAL COMBUSTORS – ‘CANS’ 1st JET ENGINES WHITTLE ETC FLAME IS CONTAINED WITHIN THIS TUBE CALLED A ‘FLAME-TUBE’

  16. JET ENGINE – Combustion Process IGNITERS Combustor Layout CANS CONNECTED TOGETHER TO EQUALISE PRESSURES AND TO SPREAD THE FLAME ON START UP TYPICAL OF DART SERIES TURBO PROPS

  17. JET ENGINE – Combustion Process CANS CONNECTED TOGETHER COMBUSTER OPERATION

  18. JET ENGINE – Combustion Process INDIVIDUAL CANS WITH INTER-CONNECTORS ANNULAR OUTER CASING IGNITERS ‘CAN-ANNULAR’ LAYOUT Combustor Layout ALSO FORMS THE ENGINE STRUCTURE TYPICAL OF SPEY &TAY BYPASS ENGINES

  19. JET ENGINE – Combustion Process ‘CAN-ANNULAR’ LAYOUT COMBUSTER OPERATION

  20. JET ENGINE – Combustion Process ANNULAR OUTER CASING ANNULAR INNER CASING ANNULAR LAYOUT Combustor Layout GIVES EVEN TEMPERATURE FACE TO TURBINE BLADES THE LAYOUT OF CHOICE FOR MODERN BYPASS ENGINES ALLOWS MORE FSN’S TO BE FITTED

  21. JET ENGINE – Combustion Process COMBUSTER OPERATION ANNULAR LAYOUT

  22. JET ENGINE – Combustion Process Combustor Layout THE CROSS SECTION OF ALL THESE LAYOUTS IS VIRTUALLY IDENTICAL AND THEREFORE SO IS THE AIRFLOW!

  23. JET ENGINE – Combustion Process Outer Combustion Casing 82% Cooling Flow Inner Flame Tube 1st Stage NGV’s 18% Vortex Flow Recirculating Vortex Fuel Feed

  24. JET ENGINE – Combustion Process Any Questions?

  25. JET ENGINE – Combustion Process

  26. JET ENGINE – Combustion Process

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