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Goal 3 (#1-21)

Goal 3 (#1-21). Learner will develop an understanding of the continuity of life and the changes of organisms over time. Mitosis . Meiosis. 1 parent cell makes 4 genetically different gamete cells Cross over Independent assortment Diploid  Haploid Sexual Reproduction

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Goal 3 (#1-21)

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  1. Goal 3 (#1-21) Learner will develop an understanding of the continuity of life and the changes of organisms over time.

  2. Mitosis Meiosis 1 parent cell makes 4 genetically different gamete cells Cross over Independent assortment Diploid  Haploid Sexual Reproduction Gamete = sex cells (eggs and sperm) • 1 parent cell makes 2 genetically identical daughter cells • Diploid  Diploid cells • Asexual reproduction • Growth, maintainence, repair

  3. Crossing over- alleles change place on homologous chromosomes during meiosis = increases genetic variation

  4. Nondisjunction- chromosomes fail to separate during meiosis = too many (trisomy like Downs Syndrom) or too few chromosomes (monsomy) in gamete cells

  5. Haploid Diploid Cells with TWICE the chromosomes Cells with both homologous chromosome pairs Somatic (body) cells • Cells with HALF the chromosomes • Cells with one of each chromosome • Gamete cells only

  6. Question 1 • A human skin cell contains 46 chromosomes. How many chromosomes are present in a human sperm cell? A. 23 B. 46 C. 92 D. 138

  7. Cell Cycle • G1 -GROWTH • S- DNA replication/synthesis • G2- preparation to divide • M- mitosis or meiosis

  8. Sexual Reproduction Asexual Reproduction Maintains genetic stability Beneficial in stable environment Requires 1 parent Faster and more energy efficient • Increases genetic variation • Beneficial in changing environments • Requires 2 parents • Takes more time and energy

  9. Question 2 • Which statement is true regarding asexual reproduction as a method of producing offspring? • common among mammals • not a method used by plants • produces offspring that are genetically identical • limited to unicellular organisms

  10. Genetics (3.03)

  11. Question 3 • To determine the molecular sequence of a gene for a protein, which molecule should be analyzed? • tRNA • ATP • DNA • rRNA

  12. Independent Assortment- separation of alleles during meiosis is random • Each gamete gets different combination of parents genes • Why you are not exactly the same as biological siblings!!

  13. Monohybrid Cross Dihybrid Cross

  14. Question 4 • In guinea pigs, the allele for rough coat (R) is dominant to the allele for smooth coat (r). A rough coat male and a smooth coat female mate. They produce several litters, of which 50% are rough coat and 50% are smooth coat. What were the genotypes of the parents? • RR × rr • Rr × rr • RR × Rr • Rr × Rr

  15. Inheritance One allele is dominant over the other allele (Rr = R dominant) One allele is not dominant over other allele (Rr = blend of traits) Both alleles dominant (Rr = both traits shown) Alleles on X or Y chromosome (Xb) More than one allele for trait (C, Ch, Cch, c) More than one gene for the trait Red and white flowers RR, Rr = red, rr = white Red, white, pink flowers RR = red, Rr = pink, rr = white Red, white and spotted flowers RR =red, Rr= red/white spots, rr= white Colorblindness, hemophilia XX & XY = normal, XXb = carrier XbXb & XbY = affected Blood types: IAIA, IAi = A; IBIB, IBi = B; IAIB = AB; ii = O Hair color, height, skin color

  16. Question 5 • In sickle cell anemia, the heterozygous condition results in resistance to malaria. If two heterozygous parents have a child, what are the chances of that child being resistant to malaria but not having sickle cell anemia? • 25% • 50% • 75% • 100%

  17. Question 6 • Some traits are determined by more than two alleles. If aabbcc is crossed with AABBCC, what would be the genotype of the offspring? • AaBbCc • AABBCC • Aabbcc • aaAAbbBBccCC

  18. Karyotypes • What is a karyote? • Picture of chromosomes during mitosis • How do they show sex of an individual? • XX = female, XY = male • How do they show a genetic disorder like Down’s Syndrome? • Extra or too few chromosomes • There should be 2 of each (homologous pairs)

  19. Question 7 • When viewing a karyotype to detect genetic disorders, which of the following would be a concern? • different chromosomes of different lengths • two X chromosomes • twenty-three pairs of chromosomes • three chromosomes in any one set

  20. Pedigrees • Normal male: • Normal female: • Affected male: • Affected female: • Is this a dominant or recessive trait? Explain. • Dominant= in every generation, child with trait always has parent with trait • Complete a PunnetSqures for individual 3 & 4.

  21. Test Cross • Which genotype is used in a test cross? • homozygous dominant • heterozygous dominant • homozygous recessive • heterozygous recessive

  22. DNA Replication & Protein Synthesis (3.01) DNA Shape: double helix DNA Complementary Base Pairs A- T T- A G- C C- G

  23. Question 8 • Which of the strands below is the complement to the segment GCATCCGA of a DNA molecule? • CCTAGGCT • GCATCCGA • CGUAGGCU • CGTAGGCT

  24. DNA Nuleotide Phosphate group Nitrogenous Base (A, T, G, C) Deoxyribose Sugar RNA Nuleotide Phosphate group Nitrogenous Base (A, U, G, C) Ribose Sugar

  25. Question 9 • What type of RNA is responsible for bringing amino acids to the ribosome for protein synthesis? • Messenger RNA • transfer RNA • ribosomal RNA • mitochondrial RNA

  26. protein

  27. Question 10 • If a portion of a DNA strand has the base sequence TACGCA, what will be the base sequence of the mRNA strand transcribed? • TACGCA • UACGCA • AUGCGU • ATGCGT

  28. Question 11 • The chart below matches messenger RNA codons with amino acids. • A DNA strand has the codon TCA. According to the chart, the corresponding messenger RNA codes for which of the following amino acids? • Glycine C. alanine • Leucine D. serine

  29. Replication • What happens? Make a copy of DNA • 1 original strand • 1 new strand • When does this happen? S phase of cell cycle (BEFORE mitosis or meiosis)

  30. Question 12 • During DNA replication, which of the following segments would be complementary to the original DNA segment of CCTAAT? • CGATTA • GGUTTU • GGATTA • GGAUUA

  31. Mutation and Protein Synthesis

  32. Question 13 • Albinism is a genetic mutation that results in some animals being born without the enzyme that produces the pigment for skin and eye color. Which of the following best explains this mutation? • The DNA failed to replicate. • The deoxyribose sugar became separated from the DNA. • The genetic code change caused the wrong protein to form. • The RNA necessary to produce proteins was not present.

  33. Genetic Disorders

  34. Question 14 • A student has cystic fibrosis, a genetic condition caused by the presence of a homozygous recessive gene. What could be her parent’s genotypes for the cystic fibrosis trait? • Her father is homozygous dominant; her mother is homozygous recessive. • Her father is heterozygous; her mother is homozygous dominant. • Her father is homozygous dominant; her mother is homozygous dominant. • Her father is heterozygous; her mother is homozygous recessive.

  35. Genetic Engineering (3.04)

  36. What technique was used to create the DNA bands? Gel electrophoresis How can you use this process to identify paternity? DNA bands kid has not from mom must be from dad. Which two organisms are most closely related? Ones with most DNA bands in commom Organism 2 and 4 most closely related Crime scene DNA matches Suspect 2

  37. Question 15 • How would genetically altering crops for pest resistance be economically beneficial? • Erosion of topsoil would no longer be a concern. • Crops would be more easily protected from weeds. • Crop-eating pests would not ruin crops. • Abnormal plant growth would be eliminated.

  38. Question 16 • After performing amniocentesis, which analysis is most often used to determine the chromosomal condition of a developing fetus? • blood type • DNA sequence • genetic marker • karyotype

  39. Evolution (3.05)

  40. Question 17 • Which of the following is an example of natural selection in bacteria? • genetic engineering • binary fission • antibiotic resistance • nitrogen fixation

  41. Fitness- ability to survive and reproduce • Adaptation- trait that helps organism survive and reproduce

  42. Question 18 • The snowshoe rabbit has white fur in winter and dark fur in summer. What is the main advantage of this fur color change to the rabbit? • The dark fur keeps the rabbit from getting sunburned in summer. • The white fur absorbs more sunlight so the rabbit is warmer in winter. • The fur color makes the animal blend better with its environment so that a predator is not as likely to see it. • The white fur is more valuable to fur trappers, so the animal will be trapped and better fed in winter.

  43. Phylogenic Tree/Cladogram Dichotomous Key C is more closely related to B than A

  44. Origin life- Circle which trait evolved first • Unicellular or multicellular organisms • Aerobic or Anaerobic organisms • Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic organisms • Sexually reproducing or asexually reproducing organisms

  45. Describe and diagram endosymbiotic theory: • Eukaryotes evolved from prokaryotes living inside other prokaryotes • = mitochondria and chloroplast

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