Related Issue 4 Ideology and Citizenship

1. Related Issue 4Ideology and Citizenship

2. What is citizenship? • A citizen lives in and is a member of a country • A citizen votes • A citizen has certain responsibilities, like obeying laws and paying taxes • A citizen also has certain rights like protection from arbitrary arrest and freedom of speech

3. Does being a citizen require more than these things? • What are our other responsibilities as a citizen?

4. Chapter 13 • To what extent should ideology shape responses to issues in times of peace and times of conflict? • When you respond to an issue in your life both your worldview and your ideology influence your response • Worldview: how you view the world and how it should be • Ideology: an application of your worldview to a current issue

5. From a legal perspective citizenship is based on two key principles: • Jus soli (right of the soil): a person’s citizenship or nationality is determined by place of birth • Jus sanguinis (right of blood): the citizenship and nationality of a child is the same as the natural parents, wherever the child is born • These, as well as naturalization- the process of applying for citizenship- are used in most countries to decide who is a citizen

6. Examples: • Israel offers automatic right to citizenship for anyone who is Jewish by birth or conversion, or has a Jewish parent or grandparent • Until 2000, citizenship in Germany was based primarily on jus sanguinis. Seriously limited abilities of immigrants to become German citizens.

7. Conflicts • Illegal immigrants whose children are born in Canada or the United States • Estimated costs of providing education and healthcare for children of illegal immigrants in California in 2004 was $7.7 billion

8. Dual Citizenship • How can dual citizenship become problematic? • How can dual citizenship be advantageous

9. Michaelle Jean • Governor General of Canada • Multiple loyalties can create conflicts • Can bring people together – Haiti • Can we have a person in one of the most powerful positions in Canada holding dual citizenship?

10. Read and discuss page 455 • Why would Canada allow multiple citizenship? • How might the idea of a “moral project” change the relationship between the citizen and the state?

11. Civic Participation • Can be direct or indirect • Involvement in town meetings, protests, voting, NGOs

12. Citizenship typically includes the following understandings • A sense of membership or identity with some wider community • A set of rights and freedoms • Corresponding set of duties • A set of virtues and capacities that enable citizens to engage in issues of civic interest

13. War • Should citizens be expected to lay down their lives for their country? • Forced military service in war or peace time? • Does a citizen’s responsibility change when he or she does not accept the reason for war?

14. What is a “just” war and what is a “dumb” war? • Who is the enemy? • Why does someone who is sent by their government, just like you, immediately become the enemy? Someone to be killed?

15. Your opinion • What is your opinion on Canadians who join the armed forces? • Are they fulfilling a duty of citizenship?

16. United States • The U.S. requires almost all male citizens and male aliens living in the U.S. between 18 and 25 to register with Selective Service • If there is a crisis requiring a draft they will have a list of young men who can be conscripted. • Those selected would be tested for physical, mental and moral fitness • Those who object to the war could file claims as conscientious objectors outlining their moral or religious objections to the war.

17. History of Rights and Responsibilities • Most religious documents, Bible (Christianity), the Quran (Islam), the Vedas (Hinduism), and the Analects (Confucianism) all outline ideas of rights and responsibilities • More recently, the ideas of enlightenment thinkers such as Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau inspired two major revolutions – the American and French revolutions

18. In Canada:

19. Aboriginal definitions of citizenship • Often view ideas of citizenship differently • “We were never given an opportunity to say whether we wanted to be Canadian citizens or not. We were never given the opportunity to enjoy the riches of our lands. We were never given the opportunity to be free! We are still under the Indian Act, without even having a say on our own self-determination.” – Henri Chevillard

20. Global Citizenship • Does such an idea exist? • Who can claim membership? • What are our rights and responsibilities as global citizens? • Is this an idea that will be more important in the future?

21. Chapter 14 • To what extent do citizens have a right, role, or responsibility to take action?

22. Ukraine • Tainted Presidential election • Anti-democratic candidate accused of rigging election results • Supporters poisoned pro-democracy candidate

23. Yanukovych was declared the winner of the election • Despite losing the election, Yushchenko declared himself president

24. Hundreds of thousands of protestors took to the streets in support of Yushchenko

25. Nearly two weeks later, the supreme court declared the first election null and void and a new election was held. • Ordinary citizens changed the results of an election • Conditions that made this possible included: • Promotion of democratic principles since the fall of the Soviet Union • Developing civic sector increasingly aware of corruption of ruling elite • Increasing access to world news sites on the internet

26. Anti-Apartheid Movement in South Africa • Apartheid was a strict legislative policy of racial segregation and discrimination against Black South African put in place by the National Party • In South Africa, black people were denied basic human rights • The National Party led the country from 1948 - 1994 • Labour was exploited and their lives were segregated

27. Racism in South Africa • Racism was enshrined in law

28. Cape town South Africa

30. The Townships • Under apartheid, all black South Africans (asians, and other non whites) were required to carry identification papers at all times. The only way a black could travel outside his or her community was with a special pass.

31. Nelson Mandela • Leader of the African National Congress • Attempted to use law and civil disobedience to protest against the racism against black africans • Imprisoned for his political action from 1964 -1990

32. Pan-Africanist Congress • Focused on using non-violent tactics such as sit-ins, boycotts, and strikes. • On March 21, 1960, approximately 6,000 people gathered in peaceful protest against the government • The government was determined to disperse the crowds through whatever means were necessary. • Police shot at the crowds killing 69 and injuring 200 others- men, women and children. • Most were shot in the back as they ran.

35. Results: • The government claimed that protestors were throwing rocks • ANC and the PNC were banned as political organizations • Leaders were put on trial • ANC and PNC began to use more and more violent methods to retaliate against the government

36. World Reaction • Countries began to impose sanctions and trade embargos • Banks refused loans to the country • South Africa was barred from the Olympics from 1964 onward • By the late 1980s the white leaders began to realize that apartheid could not be defended to the rest of the world

37. South Africa today • 1 in 10 blacks are malnourished • 1 of every 2 blacks live below the poverty line • In 2006, estimated that a woman is raped every 17 seconds in South Africa • 2007: • 28% of pregnant women are living with HIV • 10.3% of black africans living with HIV • 0.3% of white africans • Disproportionate number of educated professionals • Eg. 337 of the 20,000 accountants in S.A. are black

38. Truth and Reconciliation Commision • Commission was established to allow victims of apartheid to share their stories • Allow the leaders of the apartheid era to apologize for the pain and suffering that they had caused. • Many people have criticized the results of the commission • The mission was to expose their role in the crimes committed not to punish those responsible

39. Vietnam War

40. Vietnam: History • After WWII, France, the former colonial power of South East Asia returned to Vietnam • Vietnam wanted self-determination and by 1954 had defeated France to gain control of the country • As a result, the country was divided into two regions, North and South • Sound familiar ??

41. Vietnam • The North was supported by communist countries including China and the U.S.S.R. while the south was supported by the Western powers as a part of its policy of containment • By 1961 the United States was beginning to send troops to the South of Vietnam to defend against communist attacks from the North • By 1963 the mission was becoming less and less viable

42. Vietnam War • When U.S. president John F. Kennedy consulted Lester B. Pearson, Canada’s Nobel Peace Prize winning prime minister his advice on Vietnam, Pearson responded by saying “Get out.” Kennedy replied “That’s a stupid answer. Everyone knows that. The question is: How do we get out?” • Public opinion was turning quickly against the war. • America’s next president Lyndon B. Johnson, was more concerned with domestic policy, such as civil rights legislation and a war on poverty. • Meanwhile, casualties in Vietnam grew.

43. Vietnam War • Estimated casualties from the war include: 58 159 American Soldiers 3-4 million Vietnamese 1.5 -2 million from Laos and Cambodia As a result of the Vietnam war, Cambodia is the most bombed country in history

44. Bombing of Cambodia • In 2000, president Clinton released the military databases that recorded the bombings during the Vietnam war. • His attempt was to allow Cambodians to identify unexploded ordinance left behind by the “carpet bombing” of the region. • 2,756,941 tons of bombs were dropped on Cambodia. • Approx. 10% of the area bombed had ‘unknown’ targets

45. To put 2,756,941 tons into perspective, the Allies dropped just over 2 million tons of bombs during all of World War II.

46. Anti war movement • By 1968 500,000 troops were engaged in the war • The average age of the troops was very young, 18-19 years old • Many of these soldiers had been drafted and trained for short periods of time under inexperienced leadership • Many young men were exempt because they were married, or for moral, physical or mental reasons. Others fled to countries such as Canada and Sweden. Some were exempted to go to university or college. • Overall, low-income Americans and African-Americans were disproportionately represented

47. Media • Very few restrictions on journalists allowed Americans a very vivid and disturbing picture of what was happening in Vietnam.

48. Music and film was delivering a steady stream of arguments claiming that the war was not a “just war” • Political protests which had been seen as “communist” inspired at the beginning of the war, began to be seen as legitimate political involvement

49. Most Americans hadn’t seen war in this way before • Also, the reality of the draft brought the war much close to home for many Americans • In 1969, the largest demonstration of peace demonstration brought 500,000 protestors to Washington. • Two days before, 40,000 protestors walked by the white house, each carrying a different name of a U.S. soldier killed in Vietnam • In 1973 a peace treaty was signed to end the conflict

50. PEACE PROTESTS