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Decade notable for obsessive interest in celebrities Consumer Culture

THE ROARING TWENTIES. Decade notable for obsessive interest in celebrities Consumer Culture Eat, drink & be merry, for tomorrow we die Return to normalcy US turned inward--- isolationism Jazz Age first modern era in the U.S. Break with Progressivism?. The Second Industrial Revolution.

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Decade notable for obsessive interest in celebrities Consumer Culture

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  1. THE ROARING TWENTIES • Decade notable for obsessive interest in celebrities • Consumer Culture • Eat, drink & be merry, for tomorrow we die • Return to normalcy • US turned inward---isolationism • Jazz Age • first modern era in the U.S. • Break with Progressivism?

  2. The Second Industrial Revolution • U.S. develops the highest standard of living in the world • The twenties and the second revolution • electricity replaces steam • Henry Ford’s modern assembly line introduced • Rise of the airline industry • Modern appliances and conveniences begin to change American society

  3. The Automobile Industry • Auto makers stimulate sales through model changes, advertising • Auto industry fostered the growth of other businesses • Autos encourage movement and more individual freedom. • By 1929 auto industry most productive in US.

  4. RADIO • Radio sets, parts and accessories brought in $60 million in 1922… • $136 million in 1923 • $852 million in 1929 • Commercial Broadcasting • Listening audience was 50,000,000 by 1925

  5. Patterns of Economic Growth • Structural change (F.W. Taylor) • professional managers replace individual entrepreneurs • corporations become the dominant business form • Uniformity • Big business weakens regionalism • Government Policy • Corporate tax cuts

  6. Economic Weaknesses • Labor Problems? • Welfare Capitalism • Coal displaced by petroleum • Farmer Problems • decline in prices and exports • Growing income disparity • Middle class speculates with idle money

  7. THE FLAPPER • “Flappers” sought individual freedom • Ongoing crusade for equal rights • Teenaged children no longer needed to work and indulged their craving for excitement • most women remain in the “cult of domesticity” sphere

  8. Rural Americans identify urban culture with Communism, crime, immorality • Sex becomes an all-consuming topic of interest in popular entertainment • Communities of home, church, and school are absent in the cities • Conflict: Traditional values vs new ideas found in the cities.

  9. K K K Reemergence of the KKK was a response to the cultural changes taking place in America. • 1925: Membership of 5 million (Hiram Evans) • Attack on urban culture and defends Christian/Protestant and rural values • Against immigrants from Southern Europe, European Jews, Catholics and American Blacks • Sought to win U.S. by persuasion and gaining control in local/state government. • Violence, internal corruption result in Klan’s virtual disappearance by 1930 but will reappear in the 1950s and 1960s.

  10. Red Scare • Red Scare, 1919 to 1921, was a time of great upheaval…U.S. “scared out of their wits". • "Reds” as they were called, "Anarchists” or "Outside Foreign-Born Radical Agitators” (Communists). Attorney General Mitchell Palmer • Anti-red hysteria came about after WWI and the Russian Revolution. • 6,000 immigrants the government suspected of being Communists were arrested (Palmer Raids) and 600 were deported or expelled from the U.S. • No due process was followed

  11. IMMIGRATION QUOTAS • The U.S. Government began to restrict certain “undesirable” immigrants from entering the U.S. • Congress passed the Immigration Act of 1921, in which newcomers from Europe were restricted at any year to a quota, which was set at 3% of the people of their nationality who lived in the U.S. in 1910. • Johnson-Reed Immigration Act of 1924, the quota now 2% and the origins base was shifted to that of 1890, when fewer southeastern Europeans lived in America.

  12. IMMIGRATION RESTRICTIONS

  13. Sacco and Vanzetti • Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti were Italian immigrants charged with two murders and robbing a shoe factory in Braintree, Mass. • The trial and appeals lasted 1920-1927. Convicted on circumstantial evidence, many believed they had been framed for the crime because of their anarchistand pro-union activities. • In this time period, anti-foreignism was high as well. • Liberals and radicals rallied around the two men, but they would be executed.

  14. PROHIBITION • Goal:was to reduce crime and poverty and improve the quality of lifeby making it impossible for people to get their hands on alcohol. • This "Noble Experiment" was a failure. • Midnight, January 16th, 1920, US went dry. • The 18th Amendment, known as the Volstead Act, prohibited the manufacture, sale and possession of alcohol in America. Prohibition lasted for thirteen years. • So was born the industry of bootlegging, speakeasies and Bathtub Gin.

  15. PROHIBITION • People drank more than ever during Prohibition, and there were more deaths related to alcohol. • No other law in America has been violated so flagrantly by so many "decent law-abiding" people. • Overnight, many became criminals. • Mobsterscontrolled liquor created a booming black market economy. • Gangsters owned speakeasies and by 1925 there were over 100,000 speakeasies in New York City alone.

  16. PROHIBITION Al Capone Elliot Ness, part of the Untouchables Chicago gangster during Prohibition who controlled the “bootlegging” industry. Agent with the U.S. Treasury Department's Prohibition Bureau during a time when bootlegging was rampant throughout the nation. Detroit police inspecting equipment found in a hidden underground brewery during the prohibition era.

  17. SCOPES MONKEY TRIAL 1925 The first conflict between religion vs. science being taught in school was in 1925 in Dayton, Tennessee.

  18. SCOPES MONKEY TRIAL John T. Scopes Respected high school biology teacher arrested in Dayton, Tennessee for teaching Darwin’s Theory of Evolution. Clarence Darrow Famous trial lawyer who represented Scopes William J. Bryan Sec. of State for President Wilson, ran for president three times, turned evangelical leader. Represented the prosecution. Dayton, Tennessee Small town in the south became protective against the encroachment of modern times and secular teachings.

  19. SCOPES MONKEY TRIAL The right to teach and protect Biblical teachings in schools. The acceptance of science and that all species have evolved from lower forms of beings over billions of years. The trial is conducted in a carnival-like atmosphere. The people of Dayton are seen as ‘backward’ by the country.

  20. The 1920 Election

  21. The 1920 Election Wilson’s idealism and Treaty of Versailles led many Americans to vote for the Republican, Warren Harding… US turned inward and feared anything that was European…

  22. The 1924 Election • Calvin Coolidge served as President from 1923 to 1929. • “Silent Cal”. • Republican president

  23. REPUBLICAN FISCAL PROGRAM REPUBLICAN ECONOMY SUPPORTED LAISSEZ FAIRE AND BIG BUSINESS………. $ = + + Lower Taxes Less Federal Higher Strong Spending Tariffs National Economy Fordney-McCumber Tariff---1923Hawley-Smoot Tariff ---1930 raised the tariff to an unbelievable 60%!!!

  24. Washington Naval Conference[1921-1922] U. S. Britain Japan France Italy 5 5 3 1.67 1.67

  25. Washington Naval Conference • Four-Power Pact(December 13, 1921). • Britain, France, Japan and the United States agreed to submit disputes among themselves over Pacific issues to a conference for resolution. • Pledged mutual respect for the possessions and mandates of other signatories (participants) in the Pacific. • Five-Power Naval Limitation Treaty(February 6, 1922). • The leading naval powers, Britain, France, Italy, Japan and the United States pledged adherence to limitations on the tonnage of capital ships and accepted a moratorium on new naval construction. 5-3-1 ratio • Britain could only have 1 ship for every 3 ships in Japan, and Japan could only have 3 ships for every 5 ships in the U.S. Britain, U.S. and Japan agreed to dismantle some existing vessels to meet the ratio.

  26. Washington Conference • Five-Power Naval Limitation Treaty(February 6, 1922). • Agreed on a series of rules for the use of submarines in future warfare and also outlawed the use of poisonous gases as a military weapon. • Nine-Power Treaty(February 6, 1922). • Big Four, plus Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, Portugal and China endorsed the Open Door Policy and pledged mutual respect for Chinese territorial integrity and independence. • In the following months, the U.S. Senate ratified all of the treaties from the Washington Conference.

  27. Kellog Briand Pact Additional countries which join by July 24, 1929. Persia, July 2, 1929; Greece, August 3, 1929; Honduras, August 6, 1929; Chile, August 12, 1929; Luxemburg August 14, 1929; Danzig, September 11, 1929; Costa Rica, October 1, 1929; Venezuela, October 24, 1929.

  28. Collective Security

  29. Kellogg-Briand Pact: 1928 • 15 nations committed to outlawing aggression and war for settling disputes. • Problem  no way of enforcement.

  30. Kellog Briand Pact The Kellogg-Briand Pact provided for outlawing war as an “an instrument of national policy,” and was further notable for the following: • The pact was signed in August 1928 by 15 nations. • In the following months, more than 60 countries joined in this renunciation of war. • The U.S. Senate Foreign Relations Committee studied the matter and issued a report that maintained that the pact did not impair the nation’s ability to act to protect the Monroe Doctrine. US Senate ratified this treaty.

  31. Kellog Briand Pact The Kellogg-Briand Pact provided for outlawing war as an “an instrument of national policy,” and was further notable for the following: Major problems with this treaty No enforcement mechanism was provided for changing the behavior of warring signatories. The agreement was interpreted by most of the signatories to permit “defensive” war. No expiration date was provided. No provision existed for amending the agreement was included.

  32. Kellog Briand Pact • In the 1930’s, the idealism of “ending all war” would be shattered when the Japanese, Italy, Germany and Soviet Union began WWII. • Idealism, is what it is: “ideas”. Some can work and others can’t. • In a realistic world, countries realized that they needed to protect themselves from aggressor nations. • It is still this way today but we have the United Nations to promote world peace and “contain” aggressor nations.

  33. Dawes and Young Plan • Dawes Plan • Presented in 1924 by the committee headed by Charles G. Dawes to the Reparations Commission of the Allied nations. It was accepted the same year by Germany and the Allied Nations. • The Dawes Committee was entrusted with finding a solution for the collection of the German reparations debt, set at almost $54 billion. • Germany had been lagging in payment of this obligation and the Dawes Plan provided a repayment schedule over 4 years to the Allies. The Germans would continue to lag behind in payments.

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