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Chapter 4 Section 2: A New Europe. 1. . By 1100 A.D. conditions in Europe had begun to improve . . 2. . The Crusades were military expeditions to recover the holy land from the Muslims. There were 9 in all . . 3. . Crusaders vowed to ‘take up the cross”. . 4. .
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1. By 1100 A.D. conditions in Europe had begun to improve.
2. The Crusades were military expeditions to recover the holy land from the Muslims. There were 9 in all.
3. Crusaders vowed to ‘take up the cross”.
4. After a siege of 2 months, Jerusalem fell.
5. The Second Crusade took place 50 years after the First Crusade.
6. Palestine was being fought over.
7. The Second Crusade lasted 2 years, but was not successful.
8. Saladin united Muslim forces and then captured Jerusalem in 1187 A.D.
9. After three years of fighting, Richard I signed a truce with Saladin.
10. The Crusades helped break down Feudalism and increase the authority of the Kings.
11. The Crusaders learned from the Muslims as a result of fighting: How to build better ships Make more accurate maps Magnetic compass New military skills Improved weaponry
12. The three-field system used a heavier plow to cut through difficult soil and fast moving horses instead of slower oxen. It helped farmers produce more food and cultivate new lands.
13. Most towns of Western Europe were near roads and waterways, and had walls for protection. The main problem for townspeople was no sanitation, which caused rapid spread of disease.
14. The city of Venice became the center of trade in the Mediterranean.
15. The city of Flanders became the center of trade on Europe’s north coast.
16. When bartering became impractical, the Europeans developed a money economy, based on the use of money as a common medium of exchange.
17. A guild is a business association of European merchants and artisans that maintained a local market monopoly.
18. During the Middle Ages, most people were illiterate.
19. The first universities had a group of scholars, teachers read and discussed text while students took notes on slates. They specialized in law, medicine, liberal arts, and theology.
20. Followers of scholasticism believed that all knowledge could be integrated into a coherent whole.
21. Vernacular is the language of the everyday speech of a writer.
22. A Romanesque church consisted of thick walls, columns, heavy curved arches, and small windows.
23. Between 1337 and 1453 A.D., the kings of France and England fought a series of wars for control of French territory.
24. England won the early battles of the Hundred Years’ War.
25. Joan of Arc was able to turn the war around for the French.
26. Joan of Arc was eventually betrayed, imprisoned, and burned to death.
27. After the Hundred Years’ War, England became mired in a 30 year civil war known as the War of the Roses.
28. The rivals in the war were the Royal House of Lancaster and the House of York.
29. As a result of the war, the English monarchy strengthened and had few challengers.
30. The Reconquista was the reconquest of the lands Muslims had taken in the 700’s.
31. In 1469 A.D. Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castille got married.
32. Ferdinand and Isabella decided that all Spaniards had to be catholic if Spain was to become one nation.
33. Russia was able to break free from the control of the Mongols under the rule of Ivan III.
34. A czar is a Russian Ceaser, Ruler.
35. During the Babylonian Captivity Popes settled in France to escape the civil wars. Period of exile of the Jews in Babylon.
36. John Wycliffe was an English scholar who claimed that the Bible, not the Pope, was the sole source of religious truth.
37. Jan Hus was a Czech preacher who was burned at the stake as a heretic.
