Group members: 高婧 杜欢 陈艳秋 沙菲 陈云

2. Female Language Group members:高婧 杜欢 陈艳秋 沙菲 陈云

3. Content • Introduction • Literature review • Analysis of female naming and addressing • Brief reflection • Conclusion

4. Reasons • men and women are differentiated from each other（individuality, value image and status) • languageare closely linked with the social attitudes of human beings and are affected by their social views and values.

5. significance • it is closely connected with language and deeply influences language, because language itself is expressed via different genders. • the study enables us to form a kind of insight on society and people, and to deepen our consciousness about correlations between language and society.

6. Literature Review history • The study of language and gender began in 1975 by the publication of three books: • male/female language (M.R.Key）language and women’s place (R.Lakoff) • Language and sex: difference and dominance (Thorne & Henley)

7. New development • with the development of feminist movement, there have been some changes in attitudes towards sexist in language. • The study of the area are turned back to reexamine of both the difference of men and women manifested in English.

8. Female Naming And Addressing • Given names • Family names • Social titles • Occupational titles • Abusive addressing terms

9. Given Names One’s given name reflects how a person will be viewed by others. Females are often given names that express an aesthetic and tender reference while males’ depict power or intelligence. These names though trivial，do reflect the long-run tradition of people’s prejudice.

10. Female are names by flowers, cute small animals and jewelry. • However, names for men are closely related with war, religion, profession.

11. Males Names after religion: Abraham Alexander Apollo Pluto David Names after profession: Carpenter Names of war: Gerald Herman Martin Females Names after flowers: Rose Lily Violet Flora Rosalind Lillian Susan Names after animal: Deborah Salmon Vanessa Names after jewelry: Pearl Ruby Jade Crystal Margaret

12. Length difference • Syllables • affixes

13. syllables • Women’s name tend to be longer than men’s, with more than one syllables. • E.g. Katherine, Elizabeth, Amanda While most of men’s names are Monosyllable(单音节）, for instance, Jim, Fred, John, Bob, Jack etc.

14. affixes • Affixesplay a major role in lengthening women’s names. • the female term is seen asa marked termand the male as theunmarked term.

15. Many female names are derived from male ones by adding the suffix “a” • E.g.

16. New discrimination • One interesting naming practice is that once a boy’s name is used widely by girls, they will not be used that name again. E.g. 50 years ago, Hazel, Marion, Francis, and Shirley were perfectly accepted as male’s names. Today, few parents choose those as their boys’ names.

17. In America women’s names are applied to naming some disasters. One typical examples are the hurricanes’ names which are often named after females’ names. • The first hurricane list was Alice, Barbara, Carol, Dolly, Edna, Florence, Gilda, Hazel, Irene

18. Family Name

19. history Humansociety once underwent the Matriarchal Society, so some surnames used to bematronamic. • Dye, most commonly found in Norfolk and Yorkshire, came from a pet form of the female given name Dennis • Evason, originating from the raremedieval female given name Eve • Sisson, taken from the name of the mother Sisley,Cecilie--from Latin Caecilia, which was the name of a Roman virgin martyr of the 2nd or3rd century who was regarded as the patron saint of music

20. Patrilineal System of Family Names • However, before long,men began to dominate society .They have enjoyed high social statues ever since, therebythey have always been respected, honored and taken as masters both at home and insociety. • Arthur,Austin, Baldwin, Collins, Dixon, Edwards, Fort and Gerald are of patronymic origin • stem plus affix, such as Johnson(John+son), Jennison (Jan+son)and Sanderson (Sander+son)

21. Tradition: Change of Female Family Names upon Marriage At birth femalechildren take on their father's surname and on marriage awoman usually adopts thesurname of her husband. Thus, the contribution of women is hard to trace in their families.

22. Even the woman is of high social status; it is the same with her One of thecandidates in 2008 Presidential Election of the United States of America, Hilary, theformer president of Bill Clinton's wife, kept her maiden name "Hilary Rodham" aftermarriage. But in order to help her husband in the election, she had to change her name into Hilary Clinton though alllegedly a feminist.

23. Charlotte Brontë (British novelist who wrote Jane Eyre) is identified as Mrs. Arthur B. Nicholls • Amelia Erhart (the first person attempts to circumnavigate the world along the Pacific Ocean)is identified as Mrs. George Palmer Putman; • Helen Hayes(an American actress gained the nickname "First Lady of the American Theatre") is identified as Mrs. Charles MacArthur

24. Female Social Titles Social titles refer to those words used by people engaged in certain social activities, reflecting their relations in social life.

25. Function: Social address titles can reflect both social identity and people’s attitudes like respect to the addressee.

26. distinction The English language distinguishes women’s courtesy(礼貌) titles on the basis of marital status（婚姻状况）, but not those of men. This discriminatory practice is said to mark the availability of women in terms of marriage (sex) and reinforces the view that a woman is the property of a man (either her father or her husband).

27. The use of titles is asymmetrical(不对称) For example: Woman——— Miss/Mrs./Ms. Man ———— Mr. • All adult men, young or old, married or unmarried, may be addressed in the form of “Mr.+last name”. • “Mrs.+last name” is usually used to address a married woman with the last name being her husband. • “Miss” is the way of addressing an unmarried woman, used alone or with her last name.

28. The impression that women are the property of men and that women have no linguistic identity of their own are still adopted in some English-speaking countries in which the woman is simply addressed as “the wife of a man” . E.g. the former Prime Minister in UK is commonly known as Mrs. Thatcher instead of her own name.

29. This has been observed particularly in work situations where it is not uncommon for a male boss or superior to address his female secretary, assistant or office clerk by means of her first name or even an endearment, such as sugar, darling, sweetie, girlie, etc. It need not be said that the female workers cannot reciprocate in similar terms to address her male superior.

30. Women——like children——tend to be called by their first names where men would not be. And they are also called by endearment terms like love, dear, honey and so on. • But if a woman calls a man dear she is normally either older than him or intimate with him. A man can choose to call any woman dear unless she is directly in authority over him. It does not matter if the woman is older, of higher status or a total stranger.

31. It can be seen as a sign that females are generally held in less respect than males in the English-speaking society.

32. In a word, men are named according to their social status in society whereas women are named according to their relationship with the man or men in their lives.

33. Male-centeredOccupational Title • 1 morphological asymmetry “-ess” “-ette” “-trix” • 2 Masculine generic occupational terms

34. morphological marked male-female pairs • feminine suffix masculine nouns • 1.change the gender reference of the word; • 2. attaches a meaning of triviality, of lesser status or dependence to the term.

35. “-ess ” ：shallow, contemptuous and derogation “manageress” • the female manager of a laundry or cake shop • not the female manager of a bank “governor” is a man who exercises a sovereign authority in a colony, territory or state while “governess” is a nurse maid.

36. “-ette”: derogative meaningnegative and sexual connotations • “Copette” is not as tough or reassuring an image as “cop”. • coquette妖娇女性; 风骚女性 • soubrette喜剧中风流机灵的女侍; 扮演此种角色的演员; 轻浮的女人

37. “-trix” • legal language “executrix ”女遗嘱执行人 “testatrix ”立遗嘱的女人（testator）

38. masculine terms • refer to all members of a class sentences containing generic masculine terms are supposed to be predominantly male images. • “spaceman” implicates women cannot fly rockets, walk on the moon, etc. • “All men are born equal.” male bias in thought

39. Female counterparts are often absent • prestigious occupations :doctor, lawyer, judge, and professor • occupations with strong male associations :pilot, bricklayer, officer, sailor • Men are expected to monopolize the high status professions, while women can only do service or trivial work : woman doctor, woman engineer; lady judge, lady lawyer；anchorwoman  新闻节目女主持人 dressmaker裁缝, nurse, secretary and milliner n.  女帽制造, 贩卖商, are related to women.

40. problems of the generic masculine • cognitive confusion and the confusion it generates can lead to exclusion of the female e.g. “saleswoman”, “chairwoman” and “congresswoman” are newly created, but they do not function as the masculine ones.

41. Abusiveaddressing terms for female Definition • Abusive addressing terms for female are unfriendly, insulting terms to address females, conveying quite unpleasant affections, in which females are humiliated.

42. Category: Two major types of abusive addressing terms for female: • Common nouns • Metaphor use of words

43. Common nouns • There are many pairs of masculine and feminine words in English. The assumed equivalent words referring to men and women do not actually have the same connotation. Bachelor: an unmarried man who is likely to be happy for being free from the care of a family Spinster: an unmarried woman, especially an older one (usually to express disapproval) Wizard: a man who has magic powers Witch: a woman who has magic powers used for evil things

44. Also, there are many abusive common terms for women, while there have no equivalent terms for men. Often, these abusive words for female are related with sex. • Wanton: a woman who is immoral, lewd and unchaste(荡妇，水性杨花的女人) • Hussy: a woman who behaves in a way that is considered shocking or morally wrong （粗野女子，荡妇） SEX

45. Metaphor use of words Women --- names of food, plant, animals Sexist words to devalue women, humiliate women of their appearance, personality, identity and so on.

46. Food • Hiraga(1991:45)comments that the" women are food for men to eat”, which shows women’s passive image and subordinate status.

47. Plants The semantic prototype (典型）of male is a gigantic tree while that of female is flowers. The only one is“ pansy”(脂粉气男子,同性恋男子) “ a disparaging term for a man or boy who is considered effeminate(女子气的）".

48. However, if plant names are used to address female, they often have insulting meaning as follows: • clinging vine—a woman who overly depends on a man emotionally; • shrinking violet—a shy woman;

49. Animals Nilsen(1977:33)pointed out that the uses of animal names to address persons show expectations or attitudes to males and females.

50. bitch—a woman considered to be spiteful or overbearing or a lewd woman; 母狗---泼妇 tiger—a fierce, determined man