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Chapter 2 Hazardous Materials Properties and Hazards

Chapter 2 Hazardous Materials Properties and Hazards All presentation sources are used in accordance with the Multimedia Fair Use Guidelines and are not for copying and pasting by other users. Hazardous Materials Properties and Hazards . Introduction Hazardous materials may be Elements

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Chapter 2 Hazardous Materials Properties and Hazards

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  1. Chapter 2 Hazardous Materials Properties and Hazards All presentation sources are used in accordance with the Multimedia Fair Use Guidelines and are not for copying and pasting by other users.

  2. Hazardous MaterialsProperties and Hazards • Introduction • Hazardous materials may be • Elements • Compounds • Mixtures • Gaseous • Liquid • Solids

  3. Hazardous MaterialsProperties and Hazards • Introduction • They may present a direct threat to health • Poison • Carcinogens • Toxic or highly toxic • Irritants • Corrosives • Sensitizers

  4. Hazardous MaterialsProperties and Hazards • Introduction • They may be considered dangerous because of their physical hazards • Flammable • Compressed gases • Explosives • Organic peroxides • Oxidizers • Pyrophoric chemicals • Cryogenic materials • Radioactive materials • Water-reactive materials

  5. Hazardous MaterialsProperties and Hazards • Introduction • The severity of hazards these materials present range from • Insignificant • Catastrophic • Depends on material and quantity involved

  6. Hazardous MaterialsProperties and Hazards • Introduction • Exposures to hazardous materials • Acute • Single occurrence • Chronic • Long-term • Reoccurring

  7. Hazardous MaterialsProperties and Hazards • Introduction • Health effects from exposure • Acute • Short-term effects • Appear within hours or days • Vomiting • Diarrhea • Chronic • May take years to appear • Cancer

  8. Hazardous MaterialsProperties and Hazards • Hazardous Materials Properties • Awareness level • Need to understand • Basic hazards associated with different classes of hazardous materials • Flammables • Corrosives • Reactives • Operations level • Need to know how hazardous materials behave • Signs and symptoms of an exposure

  9. Hazardous MaterialsProperties and Hazards • Hazardous Materials Properties • Matter • Substances that make up everything in the world • Gas • Fluid that has neither independent shape nor volume • Tend to expand indefinitely • Liquid • Fluid that has no independent shape but does have a specific volume • Flow in accordance with the laws of gravity • Solid • Substance that has both a specific shape and volume (without a container)

  10. Hazardous MaterialsProperties and Hazards • Hazardous Materials Properties • Matter

  11. Hazardous MaterialsProperties and Hazards • Hazardous Materials Properties • Flammability • Majority of hazardous materials incidents involve materials that are flammable • Burn • Explode • Flammable hazards depend on • Flash point • Autoignition temperature • Explosive or combustible range

  12. Hazardous MaterialsProperties and Hazards • Hazardous Materials Properties • Flash Point • Minimum temperature at which a liquid or volatile solid gives off sufficient vapors to form an ignitable mixture with air near its surface • Vapors will flash • Will NOT continue to burn • DO NOT confuse with Fire Point

  13. Hazardous MaterialsProperties and Hazards • Hazardous Materials Properties • Fire Point • Temperature at which enough vapors are given off to support continuous burning • Temperature is usually only slightly higher than the flash point • Liquids and solids themselves do not burn • Vapors they produce burn • As temperature increases, more vapors are produced • Flammable gases have no flash point

  14. Hazardous MaterialsProperties and Hazards • Hazardous Materials Properties • Autoignition Temperature/Autoignition Point • Minimum temperature to which the fuel in air must be heated to initiate self-sustained combustion • No independent ignition source • Spontaneously ignites • Considerably higher than the flash and fire points • Ignition temperature is often used synonymously

  15. Hazardous MaterialsProperties and Hazards • Hazardous Materials Properties • Flammable, Explosive or Combustible Range • Percentage of the gas or vapor concentration in air that will burn or explode if ignited

  16. Hazardous MaterialsProperties and Hazards • Hazardous Materials Properties • Flammable, Explosive or Combustible Range • Lower explosive limit / lower flammable limit • LEL / LFL • Lowest concentration of a vapor/gas that will produce a flash of fire • Concentrations lower than the LEL • Mixture is too lean to burn

  17. Hazardous MaterialsProperties and Hazards • Hazardous Materials Properties • Flammable, Explosive or Combustible Range • Upper explosive limit / upper flammable limit • UEL / UFL • Highest concentration of a vapor / gas that will produce a flash of fire • Concentrations higher than the UEL • Mixture is too rich to burn

  18. Hazardous MaterialsProperties and Hazards • Hazardous Materials Properties • Vapor Pressure • Pressure exerted by a saturated vapor above its own liquid in a closed container • Pressure produced or exerted by the vapors released by a liquid • Can be expressed in terms of • Pounds Per Square Inch (PSI) • Kilopascals (kPa) • Bars • Millmeters of mercury (mmHg) • Usually found on MSDS • Atmospheres (atm)

  19. Hazardous MaterialsProperties and Hazards • Hazardous Materials Properties • Vapor Pressure • The higher the temperature of a substance, the higher the vapor pressure will be • Higher temperature provide more energy to a liquid • Allows liquid to escape into a gas form • The lower the boiling point of a substance, the higher its vapor pressure will be • Used as a general gauge to tell how fast a product will evaporate under normal circumstances

  20. Hazardous MaterialsProperties and Hazards • Hazardous Materials Properties • Boiling Point • The temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid is equal to or greater than atmospheric pressure • The temperature at which a liquid changes to a gas • 760 mmHg = 14.7 psi or 1 atmosphere

  21. Hazardous MaterialsProperties and Hazards • Hazardous Materials Properties • Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosion • BLEVE • Also called Violent Rupture • Can occur when a liquid within a container is heated • Causes material inside to boil / vaporize • Increases vapor pressure • Exceeds the vessel’s ability to relieve the excess pressure • Most commonly occur when flames contact a tank shell above the liquid level

  22. Hazardous MaterialsProperties and Hazards • Hazardous Materials Properties • Melting Point • Temperature at which a solid substance changes to a liquid state • Freezing Point • Temperature at which a liquid becomes a solid • Sublimation • Substances changes from a solid directly Into a gas • Carbon dioxide (dry ice) • Mothballs

  23. Hazardous MaterialsProperties and Hazards • Hazardous Materials Properties • Vapor Density • Weight of a given volume of pure gas • Gas compared to the weight of an equal volume of dry air • Air has a value of 1 • Vapor density <1 • Vapor is lighter than air • Vapor density >1 • Vapor is heavier than air • All vapors / gases will mix with air • Spread can not be predicted exactly from vapor density

  24. Hazardous MaterialsProperties and Hazards • Hazardous Materials Properties • Solubility • Term expressing the percentage of a material (by weight) that will dissolve in water at ambient temperature • Used for spill clean up methods • Extinguishing agents • Non-water soluble • Liquids remain separate from water • Polar solvent • Liquids mix easily with water

  25. Hazardous MaterialsProperties and Hazards • Hazardous Materials Properties • Solubility • Health effects • Water-soluble agents • Cause early upper respiratory tract irritation • Partially water-soluble agents • Penetrate into the lower respiratory system • Delayed symptoms • 12-24 hours • Causes breathing difficulties • Pulmonary edema • Coughing up blood

  26. Hazardous MaterialsProperties and Hazards • Hazardous Materials Properties • Miscibility / Immiscibility • The degree or readiness to which two or more gases or liquids are able to mix with or dissolve into each other • Miscible • Two liquids that dissolve into each other in any proportion • Immiscible • Two materials that do not readily dissolve into each other

  27. Hazardous MaterialsProperties and Hazards • Hazardous Materials Properties • Specific Gravity • Ratio of the density of a material to the density of some standard material • Heaviness of a material • Water has a value of 1 • Specific gravity <1 • Liquid is lighter than water and will float • Specific gravity >1 • Liquid is heavier than water and will sink

  28. Hazardous MaterialsProperties and Hazards • Hazardous Materials Properties • Reactivity • Relative ability to undergo a chemical reaction with another material • The fire tetrahedron • Reactive triangle • Fuel (Reducing Agent) • Heat • Oxygen (Oxidizer) • Activation energy • Required energy to get them started • Starting a fire with a match

  29. Hazardous MaterialsProperties and Hazards • Hazardous Materials Properties • Reactivity • Examples • Light-sensitive • Heat-sensitive • Shock-sensitive • Polymerization • Often results in a tremendous release of energy • Designated with a “P” in the ERG • Inhibitors are added in order to control or prevent an undesired reaction

  30. Hazardous MaterialsProperties and Hazards • Hazardous Materials Hazards • Health hazards • Directly effect an individual’s health • Poisons • Corrosives • Physical hazards • Present a threat because of the material’s physical properties • Temperature • Radioactivity

  31. Hazardous MaterialsProperties and Hazards • Hazardous Materials Hazards • U.S. National Fire Academy (NFA) • Uses a simple classification system • TRACEMP • T Thermal • R Radiological • A Asphyxiation • C Chemical • E Etiological • M Mechanical • P Psychological

  32. Hazardous MaterialsProperties and Hazards • Hazardous Materials Hazards • U.S. National Fire Academy (NFA) • Uses a simple classification system • TRACEMP • T Thermal • Thermal harm is the result of exposure to extremes of heat and cold • R Radiological • Refers to nuclear radiation • Alpha • Beta • Gamma

  33. Hazardous MaterialsProperties and Hazards • Hazardous Materials Hazards • U.S. National Fire Academy (NFA) • Uses a simple classification system • TRACEMP • A Asphyxiation • Interfere with oxygen flow during normal breathing • Simple asphyxiants • Inert gases that displace or dilute oxygen • Chemical asphyxiants • Blood poisons

  34. Hazardous MaterialsProperties and Hazards • Hazardous Materials Hazards • U.S. National Fire Academy (NFA) • Uses a simple classification system • TRACEMP • C Chemical • Toxic • Harm depends on concentration and length of exposure • Corrosive • Harm causes visible destruction

  35. Hazardous MaterialsProperties and Hazards • Hazardous Materials Hazards • U.S. National Fire Academy (NFA) • Uses a simple classification system • TRACEMP • E Etiological • Harm involves exposure to a living microorganism • M Mechanical • Causes trauma • Shrapnel during an explosion • P Psychological • Causes strong emotional reaction

  36. Hazardous MaterialsProperties and Hazards • Hazardous Materials Hazards • Cryogenics • Refrigerated liquefied gas • Gases that turn into a liquid at or below -130o F • Vaporize rapidly when released from container • Liquid oxygen (LOX) • Liquefied natural gas (LNG) • Nitrogen • Helium • Hydrogen • Argon

  37. Hazardous MaterialsProperties and Hazards • Hazardous Materials Hazards • Radiological • Nonionizing radiation • Has enough energy to move atoms around but not change them chemically • Radio waves • Infrared radiation • Microwaves • Ionizing radiation • The most energetic form of radiation

  38. Hazardous MaterialsProperties and Hazards • Hazardous Materials Hazards • Radiological • Ionizing radiation • Has sufficient energy to remove electrons from atoms • Disrupts chemical bonds • Called “Ionization” • Causes damage to the human body

  39. Hazardous MaterialsProperties and Hazards • Hazardous Materials Hazards • Radiological • Alpha Particles • Lose energy rapidly in matter • Do not penetrate very far • Blocked by paper • Beta Particles • Fast moving • Blocked by aluminum

  40. Hazardous MaterialsProperties and Hazards • Hazardous Materials Hazards • Radiological • Gamma Rays • Similar to X-rays • Completely pass through the human body • Radiation hazard • Stopped by a few inches of lead or several feet of concrete • X-rays • Lower energy then gamma rays • Stopped by a few inches of lead or several feet of concrete

  41. Hazardous MaterialsProperties and Hazards • Hazardous Materials Hazards • Radiological • Neutrons • Ultrahigh energy particles • Highly penetrating

  42. Hazardous MaterialsProperties and Hazards • Hazardous Materials Hazards • Radiological • Exposure pathways • Inhalation • Breathe radioactive materials into the lungs • Can remain in the lungs for a long time • Ingestion • Swallowing radioactive materials • Expose entire digestive system • Direct Exposure • Skin contact

  43. Hazardous MaterialsProperties and Hazards • Hazardous Materials Hazards • Radiological • Protection Strategies • Time • Limit exposure time to radiation source • Distance • Increase distance from source • Doubling distance reduces the exposure by a factor of four • Shielding • Lead • Concrete

  44. Hazardous MaterialsProperties and Hazards • Hazardous Materials Hazards • Toxic Materials • Nephrotoxic agents • Affect the kidneys • Hematotoxic agents • Affect the blood • Neurotoxic agents • Affect the nervous system • Hepatotoxic agents • Affect the liver

  45. Hazardous MaterialsProperties and Hazards • Hazardous Materials Hazards • Toxic Materials • Lethal dose (LD) • The minimum amount of a solid or liquid that will cause death • Median lethal dose (LD50) • Single dose of a substance that can be expected to cause death in 50% of animals • Administered orally • The other half isn’t completely well • They just didn’t die • Lethal dose low (LDLO or LDL) • Lowest administered dose of a material capable of killing a specific test species

  46. Hazardous MaterialsProperties and Hazards • Hazardous Materials Hazards • Toxic Materials • Lethal concentration (LC) • Minimum concentration of an inhaled substance in the gaseous state that will be fatal • Usually within 1-4 hours • May be expressed in LC50 • Lethal concentration low (LCLO or LCL) • Lowest concentration of a gas or vapor capable of killing a specified species over time

  47. Hazardous MaterialsProperties and Hazards • Hazardous Materials Hazards • Toxic Materials • Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH) • An atmospheric concentration of a substance that poses an immediate threat to life • Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) • Maximum concentration to which the majority of healthy adults can be exposed over a 40-hour workweek • Time-Weighted Average (TWA) • 8-hour period

  48. Hazardous MaterialsProperties and Hazards • Hazardous Materials Hazards • Toxic Materials • Permissible Exposure Limit Ceiling Limit (PEL) (C) • The maximum concentration to which an employee may be exposed at any time • Instantaneous • Short-term Exposure Limit (STEL) • The maximum concentration allowed for a 15-minute exposure

  49. Hazardous MaterialsProperties and Hazards • Hazardous Materials Hazards • Toxic Materials • Irritants • Toxins that cause temporary but sometimes severe inflammation to the eyes, skin or respiratory system • Attack the mucous membranes of the body • Convulsants • Toxic materials that can cause convulsions • Sensation of difficulty breathing • Painful muscle spasms • 3-30 minutes

  50. Hazardous MaterialsProperties and Hazards • Hazardous Materials Hazards • Toxic Materials • Corrosives • Chemicals that destroy or burn living tissues and have destructive effects • With the exception of liquid and gas fuels • Corrosives comprise the largest usage class in industry • Acids • pH <6 • Bases (Alkalis) • pH 8-14

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