Warm-up: Compare & Contrast

1. Warm-up: Compare & Contrast Use a table like the one below to compare and contrast the Romanesque style of architecture to the Gothic style of architecture. How did the churches in these two styles differ? (Refer to pg.332 in your textbook.)

2. Warm-up: The Spanish Inquisition King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain were extremely devout Catholics. They were referred to as “Their Catholic Majesties.” In their desire to seek out people who were secretly practicing Judaism or Islam, the monarchs received a license from the pope to operate the Spanish Inquisition as an arm of the state. Under the dreaded chief inquisitor Torquemada, the court was ruthless. Victims were often chosen for their political views as well as religious heresy. Although the inquisition operated as a court of law and some people were released because the charges were not proven, hundreds were tortured and burned at the stake, usually in a public display. What was the result of this for Spain?

3. Warm-up: The Black Death It started with aching joints, a fever, and swollen lymph nodes, which might turn black. Sometimes the lungs were affected and the victim coughed and sneezed. Whatever the symptoms, the disease progressed quickly, death was almost always swift, and it spread rapidly from person to person. This was the bubonic plague, or Black Death. It swept through Europe in the mid-fourteenth century, killing one-third to one-half of the population. In many cases, bodies lay in the streets, with no one to perform burials. Since medical and scientific knowledge was too primitive to explain the disease rationally, people sought strange remedies. They often took revenge on the innocent in their quest to get rid of the plague. People known as flagellants whipped themse3lves to appease God. Others persecuted the Jews to find a scapegoat for their misery. What were the economic results of the number of people killed by the plague?

4. Education, Architecture, & The Black Death 10.3 – Culture of the High Middle Ages 10.4 – The Late Middle Ages

5. The Development of Scholasticism • Scholasticism – wanted to harmonize Christian teachings with Greek philosophy (Aristotle) • Saint Thomas Aquinas attempted to reconcile Aristotle’s works with the Scripture • Summa Theologica: proposed questions and answers that reconciled philosophy and theology An excerpt from Summa Theologica about heretics: “They deserve not only to be separated from the Church by excommunication, but also to be severed from the world by death.”

6. Literature & Architecture • Latin was the universal language of medieval civilization • 12th c., new literature was written in the vernacular – every day language of particular regions • Romanesque Churches: dark and resembled a fortress • Gothic Churches: light and artistic • Barrel vault • Flying Buttress • Gothic cathedrals testified to an age when most people believed in a spiritual world

8. The Black Death • Bubonic plague: black rats infested w/fleas carrying deadly bacterium • Italian merchants brought it from the Black Sea; Followed trade routes • 1347-1351: 38 million died out of 75 million • Italian cities lost 50-60% of its population • Many believed it was a punishment from God

10. Effects of the Black Death • Led to an outbreak of anti-Semitism: hostility towards Jews • Economic Consequences • Trade declined • Shortage of workers made price of labor rise – end of serfdom • Lowered demand for food resulted in falling prices

14. Philip claimed right to tax clergy Philip refused this and sent troops to bring Boniface to trial Philip engineered to have a Frenchman, Clement V, elected pope Moves pope to Avignon, in France not, Rome Pope says clergy would need Pope’s consent to pay taxes Pope is held captive for 3 days, escapes and one month later commits suicide Decline of Church PowerPope Boniface VIII vs. King Philip IV of FranceEuropean kings grew unwilling to accept the papal claims of supremacy over both religious and secular matters

15. The Great Schism • Two popes called each other the AntiChrist • Lasted from 1378 to 1417 • Divided Europe politically • Damaged the church • Finally agreed to a new pope in 1417 • Crisis called for an end to papacy’s corruption and excessive power • Protesters were accused of heresy and burned at the stake (John Hus)

17. The Eastern Schism • Excommunication: being deprived or suspended membership in a religious community • Eastern Church could not accept the pope as the head of the Christian faith • 1054 Pope Leo IX and Patriarch Michael Cerularius excommunicated each other • The Great Schism: separation between the two branches of the Christianity

18. The Hundred Years’ War, 1337-1453 Start: King Philip IV of France tried to take a piece a land back from England; King Edward II of England declared war on France Began with an explosion of enthusiasm New weapon: longbow – long range, rapid fire and great striking power New king, Henry V, was eager to conquer all of France – did not have the resources Battle of Agincourt (Oct. 25th,1415): 1,500 French nobles died; English were masters of northern France Shakespeare’s Take From this day to the ending of the world,     But we in it shall be remembered-     We few, we happy few, we band of brothers;     For he to-day that sheds his blood with me     Shall be my brother; be he ne'er so vile,     This day shall gentle his condition;     And gentlemen in England now-a-bed     Shall think themselves accurs'd they were not here,     And hold their manhoods cheap whiles any speaks     That fought with us upon Saint Crispin's day. - Shakespeare, Henry V

21. Joan of Arc • French peasant woman, deeply religious and experienced visions • Believed her favorite saints commanded her to free France • Convinced weak King Charles to allow her to accompany the troops to Orléans • Inspired by her faith, the French troops capture the city • She was captured in 1430, tried for witchcraft and executed • French win war

22. Political Recovery • After the Hundred Years’ War there is a resurgence of nationalism and the power of the monarchy in England, France, and Spain • France: King Louis XI strengthened the use of the taille (a direct tax on property) which gave him the money to create a strong monarchy • England: War of the Roses; two noble factions fought to control the monarchy

23. Their Catholic Majesties… Ferdinand & Isabella • Spain: United the two strongest kingdoms of Aragon and Castile with the marriage of Isabella and Ferdinand • They expelled all the Jews and “encouraged” the Muslims to convert to Catholicism • Within a few years, all professed Muslims were also expelled from Spain • To be Spanish was to be Catholic