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Context, Cortex, and Dopamine : A Connectionist Approach to Behavior and Biology in Schizophrenia

This study explores cognitive deficits, disturbances in internal context representation, and biological disturbances in schizophrenia using connectionist simulations.

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Context, Cortex, and Dopamine : A Connectionist Approach to Behavior and Biology in Schizophrenia

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  1. Context, Cortex, and Dopamine : A Connectionist Approach to Behavior and Biology in Schizophrenia CGLAB 2006-23190 이현나

  2. Contents • Background • Cognitive Deficits in Schizophrenia • Disturbances in the Internal Representation of Context • Attentional Tasks – the Stroop task, the continuous performance test, etc. • Schizophrenic Language Deficits – a lexical ambiguity task, etc. • Biological Disturbances in Schizophrenia • Prefrontal Cortex and the Internal Representation of Context • Frontal Deficits in Schizophrenia • Dopamine, Prefrontal Cortex, and Schizophrenia • Connectionist Simulations • The Connectionist Framework • Simulation of the Physiological Effects of Dopamine • A Connectionist Model of Selective Attention (the Stroop Effect) • Simulation of the Continuous Performance Test (CPT) • Simulation of Context-Dependent Lexical Disambiguation • General Discussion & Conclusion

  3. Disturbances in the Internal Representation of Context • Cognitive deficits in schizophrenia • information-processing tasks 에서의 schizophrenic deficits 가 다양하게 다른 • processing domains을 포함하겠지만 그 중 많은 것들이 공통의 기본적 deficit • (internal representation of context 를 construct and maintain 하는 능력의 퇴화) 를 • 반영한다 • Internal representation of context • 적절한 behavioral response 를 전달하는데 익숙한 형태로 마음에 있는 information으로 • short-term memory 에 저장되는 종류의 information 과는 구별된다 • task instructions 의 set, 특정한 prior stimulus, 또는 prior stimuli 의 sequence 를 • 처리한 결과가 될 수 있다

  4. The Stroop Task (1) • A selective attention task • Two subtasks • color naming –단어의 ink 색을 맞추는 것 • word reading – ink 색은 무시하고 단어를 읽는 것 • Three types of stimuli • conflict stimuli – word 와 ink 색이 다른 경우 • congruent stimuli – word 와 ink 색이 같은 경우 • control stimuli RED GREEN YELLOW BLUE PINK GREEN YELLOWXXXX REDXXXX GREENXXXX Conflict stimuli Congruent stimuli Control stimuli

  5. The Stroop Task (2) • color naming 보다 word reading 이 빠르다 • ink 색은 word reading 의 속도에 영향을 미치지 않는다 • word 는 color naming 을 많이 방해한다 • => “the Stroop effect” Performance in the standard Stroop task • schizophrenics 은 반응속도의 전반적인 느려짐을 보인다 • color naming task 의 interference condition 에서는 불균형적인 느려짐이 나타난다 Performance of normal and schizophrenic subjects in three studies using the Stroop task

  6. The Continuous Performance Test • A signal detection task • Target event “detect the letter X aappearing in a sequence of letters” “respond to X only when it follows A” • CPT-double • target event 가 어떤 stimulus 의 연속적인 재발생으로 구성된다 • 따라서 current stimulus 가 target 인지 아닌지를 결정하는데 필요한 context 를 • previous stimulus 가 제공한다

  7. A Lexical Ambiguity Task (1) • Two clauses • one clause – ambiguous word (strong and weak meanings) 를 포함하는 구절 • the other clause – disambiguating context 를 제공하는 구절 • Two orders • context first • context last Without a PEN [clear screen, pause] You can’t keep chickens Weak meaning correct, context last You can’t keep chickens [clear screen, pause] Without a PEN Weak meaning correct, context first You can’t sign a check [clear screen, pause] Without a PEN Strong meaning correct, context fisr

  8. A Lexical Ambiguity Task (2) • Ambiguous word 가 weak meaning 으로 쓰인 경우 중에서도 context first 인 때에만 schizophrenics 가 더 많은 error 를 만든다 Medians for the rates of strong-meaning responses for schizophernics and patient controls when the weak meaning was correct

  9. Prefrontal Cortex and the Internal Representation of Context • the A B task • object 를 외관상으로는 동일하게 보이는 두 locations 중 한 곳에 숨긴다 • 잠시 후, object 를 retrieve 하도록 한다 • – 6개월 이하의 영아나 prefrontal cortex 에 장애가 있는 원숭이는 object 가 마지막으로 • retrieve 된 location 을 반복적으로 retrieve 한다 • the Wisconsin Card Sort Task (WCST) • shape, color, and number 로 다양화되는 특징을 지닌 cards 를 가지고 • 특정한 룰에 의해서 cards 를 정렬하도록 한다 • 이 때, 룰은 명시적으로 알려주지 않고 각 card 에 대한 feedback 만을 제공한다 • 룰을 알아내면 다른 룰로 바꾼다 • – frontal lobe 에 손상을 가진 환자는 어렵지 않게 첫번째 룰을 찾아냄에도 불구하고 • 새로운 룰로 바꾸는 것을 하지 못한다 • regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) • prefrontal metabolism 과 WCST performance 의 관련성을 보임으로 • internal representations of context 을 지지하는 prefrontal cortex 의 역할을 뒷받침하는 • 증거를 제시하였다

  10. Dopamine, Prefrontal Cortex, and Schizophrenia • Dopamine Hypothesis • dopamine 이 prefrontal cortex 의 activity 와 밀접하게 연관되어 있고 mesocortical • dopamine system 에서의 장애가 schizophrenic cognitive deficits 에 관련된다 • schizophrenia 에서 central dopamine activity 가 증가하는가 혹은 감소하는가에 대한 • 논쟁이 있는 반면, 한 가지 가정은 두 conditions 이 다른 정신병리학적 성향에 관련해 • 나타난다는 것이다

  11. Summary • schizorphrenics 는 internal representations of context 를 • construct and maintain 하는 능력이 떨어진다 • prefrontal cortex 는 그런 representations 을 maintain 하는데 중요한 역할을 한다 • 손상되지 않은 mesocortical dopamine system 이 • prefrontal cortex 의 정상적인 기능에 필수적이다 • prefrontal cortex 와 mesocortical dopamine system 에서의 장애는 • schizophrenia 와 관련된 것으로 나타난다 • “How does a disturbance of dopamine activity • in prefrontal cortex lead to the pattern of cognitive • deficits observed in schizophrenia? ”

  12. The Connectionist Framework (1) Schematic representation of a typical unit in a connectionist system

  13. The Connectionist Framework (2) • Processing • the activation of each unit – real valued number (the unit 의 firing 확률) • the responsivity of each unit – gain parameter (excitatory and inhibitory inputs 의 효과) • Training • back propagation algorithm • ① network 에 input pattern 을 나타낸다 • ② activation 이 output level 까지 퍼져나가도록 한다 • ③ 각각의 output unit 에 대해서 difference (error) 를 구한다 • ④ error signals 을 input units 방향으로 back propagate 시킨다

  14. Simulation of the Physiological Effects of Dopamine • gain 을 변화시키는 것으로 dopamine 의 작용을 simulation • assumption • neuron 의 input 과 firing rate 사이의 관계는 model 내 한 unit 의 • net input 과 activation value 를 연관시키는 nonlinear function 으로 simulate 할 수 있다 The influence of the gain parameter on the logistic activation function of an individual

  15. A Connectionist Model of the Stroop Task (1) • Architecture and Processing • two processing pathways – one for color naming and one for word reading Network architecture (Units at the bottom are input units, and units at the top are the output units)

  16. A Connectionist Model of the Stroop Task (2) • Training • color naming task 보다 word reading task 에 더 많은 experience 를 준다 • task demand units –각 pathway 에 속하는 units 을 중재하고 responsivity 를 조절한다 • Simulation • the context module (task demand) 에서의 gain parameter 의 변화는 • schzophrenics 에서 관찰되어지는 것과 같은 현상을 만들어낸다 Stroop task performance for normal and schizophrenic subjects, and results from simulations manipulating the gain parameter (task demand units only) and cascade rate (all units) in the network

  17. Simulation of the Continuous Performance Test (1) • CPT-double • Four modules • an input module – the visual features of individual letters • an intermediate (associative) module • a module for representing the prior stimulus • a response module Network used to simulate the continuous performance CPT-double

  18. Simulation of the Continuous Performance Test (2) • Training • network 은 prior stimulus module 에서 적절한 unit 을 activating 함으로써 • 주어진 input pattern 의 presentation 을 기록한다 • stimulus letter 가 두 개 이상 연속적으로 나타나면 • response module 안의 해당 unit 이 activate 되도록 한다 • Simulation • normal subjects 의 performance 를 simulation 하기 위해 noise 를 더한다 Percentage of misses and false alarms for normal and schizophrenic subjects in the continuous performance test, and the simulation run with normal and reduced gain on units in the prior stimulus module

  19. Simulation of Context-Dependent Lexical Disambiguation (1) • Four modules • an input module – lexical stimuli • an intermediate (associative) module – a semantic module • a discourse module – inputs 의 current sequence 의 topic • a response module – input word 의 meaning Schematic diagram of the language-processing model

  20. Simulation of Context-Dependent Lexical Disambiguation (2) • Training • in the case of ambiguous words – one meaning 에 연관된 • the response 와 discourse patterns 을 만들도록 training 된다 PEN → “writing implement” and writing PEN → “fenced enclosure” and farming in the case of context words – one meaning 뿐만 아니라 연관된 ambiguity 의 corresponding meaning 과 동일한 discourse representation 을 만들도록 training 된다 CHICKEN → “fowl” and farming

  21. Simulation of Context-Dependent Lexical Disambiguation (3) Percentage of strong-meaning responses when the weak meaning was correct for subjects in the empirical study and for the simulation

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