Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology

1. Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology

2. Anatomy: The study of structure Physiology: The study of function How are they related? Body structure is specifically adapted for its function.Ex: the hand grasps while the heart pumps blood.

3. What characteristics do humans share with EVERY living thing on Earth?

4. Characteristics of Life 1. Movement 2. Responsiveness 3. Growth 4. Reproduction 5. Respiration 6. Digestion 7. Absorption 8. Circulation 9. Assimilation 10. Excretion Walking, endo/exocytosis, heart beat Reaction to a stimulus internal/external Increase in body/cell size; cell material or cell number Mitosis (repair/replace) or meiosis Obtaining oxygen and releasing energy from foods Breakdown of food substances. (catabolic) Moving through membranes. Moving within body fluids. (blood or lymph) Changing absorbed foods into other chemical structures. (anabolic) Removing wastes from metabolic reactions.

6. Metabolism: All the physical and chemical changes. All the body processes that use energy(calories) to run. It is your engine! The speed of your engine is regulated by all the characteristics.

7. What are the environmental conditions that must be met so the characteristics can function?

8. Environmental Requirements Water Food Oxygen Heat Pressure Solvent for reactions, transport, temperature regulation. Building material, energy, enzymes Releases energy from foods. Regulates speed of metabolism/reactions. Force needed for breathing and blood circulation.

9. How is the body organized?

10. Levels of Organization Smallest to largest: Atoms Molecules Macromolecules Organelles Cells Tissues Organs Systems Organism

12. How are Human Body Structures Organized?Systems, Cavities and Membranes

13. Organ Systems Body Covering Support/Movement Integration/Coordination 4. Transport 5. Absorption/Excretion 6. Reproduction Integumentary Skeletal, Muscular Nervous, Endocrine Cardiovascular, Lymphatic Digestive, Respiratory, Urinary Reproductive

17. Body Membranes Serous membranes line and cover cavities and organs. Two layers with a serous fluid for lubrication. 1. Parietal – membrane attached to the wall of a cavity. 2. Visceral – membrane that covers an organ. These terms are further associated with: Pleura – lungs Pericardium – heart Peritoneum - abdomen

18. How are the location of body parts described in relative to another body part?

19. Positional Terms Superior – toward the top or head region Inferior – toward the bottom or feet Anterior or Ventral – front side Posterior or Dorsal – back side Medial – closer to midline Lateral – farther from midline Proximal – body part is closer to the point of attachment than other body part Distal – body part farther from point of attachment than other body part Superficial – closer to the surface Deep – deeper in the body

20. Body Regions

21. Abdominal Regions and Quadrants

27. What is HOMEOSTASIS?Physiological principle that systems strive to maintain relatively constant internal environment.

28. Homeostasis is a balancing act! Adaptations to sudden or gradual changes must be met. Ability to adapt can vary with age, general health, and genetics.

29. Homeostasis sometimes operates to keep vital stats within a narrow range for normal function. Ex: Normal pH of blood is about 7.4 pH of 6.7 or 8.0 would mean death! Homeostasis control is mainly by the nervous and endocrine systems. What can cause homeostasis to become unbalanced? Diet, stress, disease or disorders.

30. How does Homeostasis work? 1. Receptors – messengers that pick up imbalance; send info to control center. 2. Control Center – interprets and sends out a response 3. Effectors – carries out response 4. Set Point – ideal internal value 5. Negative Feedback - process to return set point to normal. (Effectors cause an opposite response to stimulus; stimulus is reduced.) 6. Positive Feedback – stimulus is increased or reinforced by the effectors. Not very common.

32. Mechanical example:

35. Positive Feedback 1. How does the action of the effectors compare to the original stimulus? Is homeostasis being restored?

38. During lactation (milk production), the suckling by the baby stimulates the production of oxytocin, which in turn causes contraction of smooth muscle surrounding the milk duct, causing milk to flow. The flow of milk increases the suckling by the baby and more oxytocin is produced. Is this negative or positive feedback loop?

39. When blood glucose levels rise above a set point after eating a meal high in carbohydrates, beta cells in the pancreas are activated and release insulin into the blood. Insulin causes an increase in glucose uptake by body cells and causes the liver to take in glucose and convert it to glycogen. As a result, blood glucose levels decline to the set point. Is this a negative or positive feedback loop? What is the control center? What is the effector?

40. Homeostasis Lab Purpose: To test the body’s ability to adjust heart rate when a stress is applied. What kind of stresses would cause the HR to alter? Which one is testable in the classroom? Are there groups that may reach homeostasis quicker than other groups? What would be your hypothesis??