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Unit overview

Unit overview. Intro to Classification systems From two kingdoms to five (or six) Binomial nomenclature and dichotomous keys The survey of the kingdoms (project based)developed into a presentation. Introduction to Classification. What is meant by classification?

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Unit overview

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  1. Unit overview • Intro to Classification systems • From two kingdoms to five (or six) • Binomial nomenclature and dichotomous keys • The survey of the kingdoms (project based)developed into a presentation.

  2. Introduction to Classification • What is meant by classification? -To group living things based on similarities. • Why classify living things? • Scientific reasons…. • Medical reasons… • Taxonomy is the science of grouping and naming organisms.

  3. Aristotle’s system • ARISTOTLE - • *4th century BC (384 to322 BC)*Greek philosopher 2000 years ago Aristotle divided living things into either plants or animals . • Animals were divided into groups based on where they lived; land, water, or air.They were also grouped based on whether they were blooded or bloodless. • The plants were divided into groups based on differences in their stems.

  4. Problems with his System • Using Aristotle's 3-group system (land, air water), name 2 animals that would fit each of the 3 groups. • Some possible Answers: a. walking - cat, dog, human, etc.b. flying - bird, bat, butterfly, etc.c. swimming - fish, whale, manatee, etc. • Do you see any possible conflicts here? • What about a duck or an alligator?

  5. Carolus Linnaeus 1707-1778 • He devised a system of grouping organisms into hierarchical categories based on physical characteristics, such as form or structure. • For example, Linnaeus's plant taxonomy was based solely on the number and arrangement of the reproductive organs on a plant. • Overall this proved to be a better system however it had some problems that resulted in many groupings that seemed unnatural.

  6. Binomial Nomenclature Linnaeus devised this system!! The genus name is written first (always Capitalized). The species name is written second (never capitalized). Both words are either italicized or underlined. Eg.. Homosapiens or Homo sapiens

  7. Phylogeny The four lines of evidence used to create phylogenetic trees are: • The fossil record • Morphology • Embryological patterns of development • Chromosomes and DNA

  8. The Fossil Record: Anatomical similarities or patterns in relation to time on the evolutionary scale can be invaluable. • Similarly, relationships in the Morphology (morph refers to form) of the creatures we see today allow us to categorize organisms based on these facts.

  9. Embryological patterns of development • The changes that an organism undergoes during its development can leave clues to its evolutionary past. • Ontogeny recapitulates Phylogeny. • Did you know that during the development of the human embryo there are gill slits present!

  10. Chromosomes and DNA • The amount of genetic material that two organisms share relates to how close they are on the phlogenetic tree • Surely you have heard how humans and chimpanzees share 98% of the same DNA.

  11. The major classification levels,from largest group to smallest (several of these have subdivisions) Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

  12. Classification of Living Things • http://www.eti.uva.nl/Database/WBD.html • http://www.usoe.k12.ut.us/curr/science/sciber00/7th/classify/sciber/history.htm • http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/exhibit/phylogeny.html http://www.howe.k12.ok.us/~jimaskew/bclasfy.htm

  13. Questions • What was the major difference(s) between how both Aristotle and Linnaeus classified organisms? • What is binomial nomenclature and who devised this system? • Explain how this binomial system works using humans as an example.

  14. Questions Continued 4. Phylogeny is the study of the evolutionary history of organisms. Name the four lines of evidence used to create phylogenetic trees and give a brief description of what each refers to. 5. The modern system includes six classification levels. List the six levels.

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