Foreign and Defense Policy

2. 18 Foreign and Defense Policy The White House/Handou/Getty Images

3. Isolationism in the Early Republic Great Britain v. France Hamilton favored British. Jefferson favored French. Isolationism Sidestepping "entangling alliances" George Washington's Farewell Address: do not trust foreign alliances, but encourage trade Monroe Doctrine Warned European powers to stay away from the Western Hemisphere 18.1

4. The United States as an Emerging Power Trade Policy and Commerce Tariffs Most favored nation status Continental Expansion and Manifest Destiny Major land takings and purchases Divine plan for expansion to the Pacific: Sorry Native Americans! Dominance over the Western Hemisphere Roosevelt Corollary 18.1

5. 18.1 How Did the Roosevelt Corollary Affect American Foreign Policy? Bettmann/CORBIS

6. World War I and the Interwar Years U.S. initially neutral European immigrants to U.S. deeply divided about the war German submarine warfare Wilson: fighting "to make the world safe for democracy" U.S. entered war in 1917 League of Nations "Collective security" Disarmament and Isolationism: increased tariffs & public opposition to entering WWII 18.1

7. World War II and Its Aftermath U.N. Security Council America's role: "leader of the free world" President Franklin D. Roosevelt Active role in diplomacy Economic Peace International Monetary Fund (IMF): stabilize world monetary system World Bank: loans for economic development, General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT): promote international free trade. 18.2

8. The Cold War and Containment Cold War Defining feature of the international system from the end of World War II to collapse of communism in late 1980s and early 1990s Containment Opposition to Soviet expansion: buy friends – destabilize the friends of our enemies Deterrence Stockpile of nuclear weapons = "Mutually assured destruction" 18.2

9. The Cold War in Europe Truman Doctrine American policy of providing economic and military aid to countries fighting communism Marshall Plan American financing of post-war rebuilding of Europe North Atlantic Treaty Organization Collective security pact/attack on one is attack on all Berlin Wall Divided communist East Berlin from democratic West Berlin 18.2

10. The Cold War in Latin America Cuba Fidel Castro came to power in 1959 Bay of Pigs, 1961 Disastrous attempt to send armed exiles back to Cuba Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962 Closest world has been to nuclear war President Kennedy established naval blockade of Cuba to prevent installation of Soviet missiles Lasted two weeks; Soviets backed down. 18.2

11. The Vietnam War Failed attempt by France to reassert colonial rule France withdrew 1954 Vietnam divided into communist North and non-communist South North tried to unify two halves by force President Lyndon B. Johnson Sent troops to fight North Conflict became unpopular with Americans President Richard M. Nixon Tried to turn over fighting to South Vietnamese Ultimately, communist North prevailed 18.2

12. Détente and Human Rights President Richard M. Nixon In 1969 declared end to "era of confrontation" and started of "era of negotiation" with Soviets Era called détente Better relations with China (the real one) Strategic Arms Limitations Treaties President Jimmy Carter Changed direction to focus on human rights (HMJ) Targeted the Shah of Iran Following shah's exile, radical Iranians took American embassy employees hostage 18.2

13. The End of the Cold War Reagan Doctrine Commitment to combating communism by providing military aid to anti-communist groups Nicaragua Reagan authorized creation of the Contras, an armed guerilla group, to fight communist Sandinista government Funded by selling arms to Iranian militants: the Iran-Contra Affair Mikhail Gorbachev's reforms Soviet leader's economic and political reforms meant to strengthen communism that led to its defeat 18.2

14. The Post–Cold War World Persian Gulf War Operation Desert Storm World Trade Organization Replaced GATT 18.2

15. The War in Iraq President George W. Bush Broader foreign policy agenda emerged in 2002 Bush declared Iraq, North Korea, and Iran an "axis of evil" Operation Iraqi Freedom Divided Americans Not intended to be a long-drawn out war Last American combat forces left in December, 2011 18.2

16. The Constitution Constitutional Convention Foreign policy powers granted to the national government, not the states Foreign policy powers divided between the president and Congress President is commander in chief Congress funds military and declares war President appoints ambassadors, subject to Senate approval 18.3

17. The Executive Branch The President Preeminent in foreign and defense policy Relies on National Security Council The Departments of State, Defense and Homeland Security State formulates foreign policy Defense formulates military policy Homeland straddles both policies The intelligence community Agencies involved in the collection and analysis of information 18.3

18. Congress Oversight Hearings to monitor agency actions "Fact-finding" missions abroad Treaties and Executive Agreements Treaties require Senate approval, executive agreements do not. Appointments Senate's responsibility to provide advice, consent on appointing those involved in foreign and defense policy 18.3

19. Congress Appropriations Can cut funding for military action The War Powers Resolution President reports to Congress within 48 hours 18.3

20. 18.3 FIGURE 18.1 How Has Defense Spending Changed Over Time?

21. The Judiciary Limited Role Tends to dismiss disputes over foreign policy as political in nature Civil War Allowed Lincoln to deploy troops without Congressional declaration World War II Upheld Japanese internment Guantanamo Bay Mixed rulings 18.3

22. Interest Groups Business Groups Defense industries Military–industrial complex Ethnic interest groups American-Israel Public Affairs Committee Cuban-American National Foundation 18.3

23. Interest Groups Foreign governments and companies Acquiring foreign aid, preventing hostile bills Ideological–public interest groups Think tanks, nongovernmental organizations Brookings Institution, Heritage Foundation Amnesty International, Greenpeace 18.3

24. Trade Making Trade Policy Bilateral, regional and global free trade models The Case of China Bilateral trade relationship has grown dramatically over past three decades 3 issues of concern Loss of American jobs Trade deficit Safety of Chinese imports 18.4

25. 18.4 FIGURE 18.2 Who are the United States' major trading partners?

26. Terrorism Making counterterrorism policy Diplomacy Military power Economic power Covert action The case of al-Qaeda Militant Islamic terrorist group founded in Pakistan in late 1980s Headed by Osama bin Laden at time of September 11, 2001 attacks Now more decentralized 18.4

27. Nuclear Weapons Making arms proliferation policy Disarmament, arms control, denial, and counterproliferation The case of North Korea Almost no direct diplomatic contacts between U.S. and North Korea Various talks have started, but failed 18.4

28. Toward Reform: New Challenges in American Foreign Policy 18.5 • Trade, terrorism, and nuclear weapons • Economic growth and influence of China, India, Brazil and Russia • European debt troubles • American public opinion

29. Discussion Questions 18 What foreign policy challenges have emerged since the Cold War? What role does each branch of government play in foreign policy?

30. 18 Further Review • Listen to the Chapter • Study and Review the Flashcards • Study and Review the Practice Tests