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The Articular System: Joints, Classification, and Movements

Explore the articular system and learn about the structure and function of joints. Discover the three major groups of joints and their movements. Dive into the six types of synovial joints and understand the functions and types of bursae.

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The Articular System: Joints, Classification, and Movements

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  1. Chapter 8 The Articular System

  2. Introduction • Articulation: union between two or more bones • Can be mobile or immobile • Examples • Sutures between skull bones • Knee or elbow joint

  3. The Classification of Joints: Structure and Function

  4. Introduction • Joints are classified into three major groups based on: • Degree of movement allowed (function) • Type of material holding bones together (structure)

  5. Synarthroses • No movement • Suture: bones connected by thin layer connective tissue (skull) • Syndesmosis: connected by ligaments between bones (radius and ulna) • Gomphosis: conical process in a socket (teeth)

  6. Amphiarthroses • Slight movement • Symphysis: connected by disk of fibrocartilage (pubic symphysis) • Synchondrosis: connected by hyaline cartilage (growth plate between diaphysis and epiphyses)

  7. Diarthroses or Synovial Joints • Free movement • Capsule with internal cavity • Capsule composition: fibrous cartilage, ligaments, tendons, muscle, synovial membranes • Functions: weight bearing and movement

  8. Diarthroses or Synovial Joints (cont’d.)

  9. Movements at Synovial Joints

  10. Movements at Synovial Joints (cont’d.) • Flexion/Extension • Hyperextension: abnormal extension • Dorsiflexion/Plantar flexion • Abduction/Adduction • Rotation • Circumduction

  11. Movements at Synovial Joints (cont’d.) • Supination/Pronation • Eversion/Inversion • Protraction/Retraction • Opposition/Reposition

  12. The Six Types of Diarthroses or Synovial Joints

  13. The Six Types of Diarthroses or Synovial Joints (cont’d.) • Ball-and-socket • Widest range of movement • Movement can occur in all planes and directions • Shoulder • Hip

  14. The Six Types of Diarthroses or Synovial Joints (cont’d.) • Hinge • Convex surface fits into concave surface • Flexion and extension only • Knee • Elbow

  15. The Six Types of Diarthroses or Synovial Joints (cont’d.) • Pivot • Rotation in one plane • Atlas and axis (cervical spine) • Rotation of the head

  16. The Six Types of Diarthroses or Synovial Joints (cont’d.) • Condyloid (ellipsoidal) • Oval-shaped condyle fits into elliptical cavity • Motion in two planes at right angles • Radius and carpal bones

  17. The Six Types of Diarthroses or Synovial Joints (cont’d.) • Saddle • Motion in two planes at right angles • Permits opposition of the thumb

  18. The Six Types of Diarthroses or Synovial Joints (cont’d.) • Gliding • Gliding motion • Intervertebral joints in spine

  19. Animation – Synovial Joints • [Insert synovial joints.swf]

  20. Bursae

  21. Bursae (cont’d.) • Closed sacs prevent friction between tissues • Synovial membrane lining • Subcutaneous: between skin and underlying bony processes • Subfascial: between overlying muscles • Subtendinous: between overlying tendons or bony projections

  22. Summary • Discussed the three types of joints (synarthroses, amphiarthroses, and diarthroses or synovial joints) • Described the movements possible at synovial joints • Named the six types of synovial joints • Discussed the functions and types of bursae

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