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An Introduction to Environmental Fluid Mechanics (EFM)

An Introduction to Environmental Fluid Mechanics (EFM). Mirmosadegh Jamali Department of Civil Engineering Sharif University of Technology March 8, 2003. What is EFM?. The study of flow and transport in surface water, groundwater, and atmosphere. Environmental significance

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An Introduction to Environmental Fluid Mechanics (EFM)

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  1. An Introduction toEnvironmental Fluid Mechanics (EFM) Mirmosadegh Jamali Department of Civil Engineering Sharif University of Technology March 8, 2003

  2. What is EFM? • The study of flow and transport in surface water, groundwater, and atmosphere. • Environmental significance • Heat and mass transfer • Turbulence and mixing • Stratification

  3. Stratification • Most fluids are density stratified • Variations in temperature, salinity, etc. • Very small density differences • Enhance horizontal motions • Inhibit vertical mixing • Have important environmental consequences

  4. Research in EFM • MIT • Stanford University • University of California at Berkeley • University of British Columbia

  5. Examples of topics in EFM • Dispersion of contaminants in rivers, lakes, seas, groundwater, and atmosphere • Dynamics of lakes and reservoirs • Internal waves • Selective withdrawal • Two-layer hydraulics • Wave interaction • Hydrodynamic Stability • Numerical, analytical, or laboratory modeling

  6. Mixing in rivers

  7. Mixing in atmosphere

  8. Mixing in reservoirs

  9. Wind-induced mixing

  10. Seasonal cycle

  11. Numerical Simulation

  12. Wave-induced mixing

  13. Mixing in coastal waters

  14. Ocean outfalls

  15. Mixing in tailings ponds

  16. Island Copper Empty

  17. Closure Plan ARD • Flooded pit as passive treatment system for ARD: 1. dilution. 2. neutralization. 3. sulphide-metal precipitation by anaerobic sulphate reducing bacteria. Local Precipitation ~ 7 m Brackish Water Cap Buoyant ARD Plume Anoxic Salt Water ~ 215 m

  18. Island Copper Waterfall

  19. Island Copper Full

  20. Profiles in the Pit Lake Upper Layer Intermediate Layer Depth (m) Lower Layer

  21. Selective Withdrawal

  22. Selective-withdrawal system Selective withdrawal system installed in 1995 Hungry Horse dam, built in 1952

  23. Internal Waves • A major type of motion within a stratified body • Play an important role in mixing and transport in reservoir • Long characteristic time-scale

  24. Wave modes in a two-layer fluid

  25. Standing surface and internal waves • Photos: • 1st external mode • 1st internal mode • 2nd external mode • 2nd internal mode • 3rd internal mode

  26. Interaction of Waves

  27. Two-layer Hydraulics

  28. Exprimental Simulation Numerical Simulation

  29. Hamilton Harbour Side

  30. Hydrodynamic Stability

  31. Kelvin-Helmholtz Billows

  32. Conclusions • Many environmental problems are fluid mechanics problems • EFM is a fast-growing multidisciplinary field in fluid mechanics • Many unexplored problems in EFM

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