The Building of Global Empires

1. The Building of Global Empires The New Imperialism The Colonization of Africa and Asia

2. THE NEW IMPERIALISM 1870-1914 • Europe’s influence continued to expand in the late 19th century, and for all the same old reasons… • What was new, was the extent; for the first time, European imperialism became global in nature, with Great Britain as the leading colonial power. (“The sun never sets on the British Empire”) • It was also contradictory…while many European nations explored the ideals of liberalism, nationalism, and socialism for their own people, imperialism remained as exploitative as ever.

3. Characteristics of the“Old Imperialism”1500-1815 COLONIES OF SETTLEMENT Numerous citizens of the colonizing country settle in the colonial area They displace the native population though murder or disease and become the majority of the population Through revolution or reforms they become politically independent of the mother country Examples: The United States, Canada, Chile, Argentina COLONIES OF EXPLOITATION (tropical dependencies) These colonies do not attract a large number of European settlers Europeans come as soldiers, planters and administrators They establish political control by force They exploit local inhabitants or bring in African slaves to labor on plantations Examples: Mexico, Haiti, Cuba and most Caribbean and South American colonies (under the Old Imperialism) Nigeria, Vietnam and most African and Southeast Asian colonies (Under the New Imperialism)

4. What was “new” about the new imperialism • Before the 19th century, Europeans cooperated with local rulers in Africa, India, China, Japan, Indonesia, and other areas, where trade flourished between locals and European coastal trading centers. • The “new imperialism” tended to favor direct conquest and formal empire • Africa and Asia had seen limited European intrusion, and most contacts had been coastal in nature • Now, entire continents now came under European influence

5. EuropeanNationalism Source for Raw Materials MissionaryActivity Industrial Revolution European Motives For Colonization Markets forFinishedGoods Military& NavalBases SocialDarwinism EuropeanRacism Places toDumpUnwanted/Excess Popul. HumanitarianReasons Soc. & Eco.Opportunities “WhiteMan’sBurden”

6. Major Cause for the New Imperialism The desire of the capitalist class to invest surplus capital for the highest profit (at the expense of the citizens of the European nation) J.A. Hobson, Imperialism: A Study 1902 Imperialism is an outgrowth of monopoly capitalism, an alliance of the largest industrial and banking firms to dominate the markets of the world. V.I. Lenin, Imperialism: the HighestStage of Capitalism 1917

7. How was Imperialism sold to the public in Europe and the United States? "White Man's Burden": racist patronizing that preached that the “superior” Westerners had an obligation to bring their culture to “uncivilized” peoples in other parts of the world - Poem by Rudyard Kipling Germany and Russia used imperialistic drives to divert popular attention from the class struggle at home and to create a false sense of national unity.

8. “The White Man’s Burden” Rudyard Kipling 1899

9. The White Man’s BurdenBy Rudyard Kipling Take up the White Man's burden-- Send forth the best ye breed-- Go, bind your sons to exile To serve your captives' need; To wait, in heavy harness, On fluttered folk and wild-- Your new-caught sullen peoples, Half devil and half child.

10. The White Man’s BurdenBy Rudyard Kipling Take up the White Man's burden--In patience to abide, To veil the threat of terror And check the show of pride; By open speech and simple, An hundred times made plain, To seek another's profit And work another's gain.

11. The White Man’s BurdenBy Rudyard Kipling Take up the White Man's burden-- No iron rule of kings, But toil of serf and sweeper-- The tale of common things. The ports ye shall not enter, The roads ye shall not tread, Go, make them with your living And mark them with your dead.

12. The White Man’s BurdenBy Rudyard Kipling Take up the White Man's burden-- Ye dare not stoop to less-- Nor call too loud on Freedom To cloak your weariness. By all ye will or whisper, By all ye leave or do, The silent sullen peoples Shall weigh your God and you.

13. The White Man’s BurdenBy Rudyard Kipling Take up the White Man's burden! Have done with childish days-- The lightly-proffered laurel, The easy ungrudged praise: Comes now, to search your manhood Through all the thankless years, Cold, edged with dear-bought wisdom, The judgment of your peers.

14. H.T. Johnson, “The Black Man’s Burden” 1899 • Pile on the Black Man’s Burden. • 'Tis nearest at your door; • Why heed long bleeding Cuba, • or dark Hawaii’s shore? • Hail ye your fearless armies, • Which menace feeble folks • Who fight with clubs and arrows • and brook your rifle’s smoke. • Pile on the Black Man’s Burden • His wail with laughter drown • You’ve sealed the Red Man’s problem, • And will take up the Brown, • In vain ye seek to end it, • With bullets, blood or death • Better by far defend it • With honor’s holy breath.

15. British Imperialism in India

16. The Mughal Empire Reached it’s height in 1708 Contained Hindus, Muslims and Sikhs Granted exclusive trading rights to the British East India Company to trade for for exotic and rare goods Decline of the Mughals began with religious conflict between Muslims and Hindus and resulted in infighting and a divided empire

17. The British East India Company (1600-1857) • Received its first charter from Queen Elizabeth I in 1600 • One of a number of “east India companies” vying for influence and trading rights in India • Company obtained right to build fortified trading posts on Indian coast • Got monopoly of trade in Indian pepper and cotton • Benefiting from the Mughal decline, the company expands its territory. • Gained control of Bengal after Robert Clive’s decisive victory at the Battle of Plassey in 1757 • Enforce their rule with a native army—the Sepoys

18. British East India Company Agents 1-E

19. Sepoy soldiers 1-F

20. Sepoy Mutiny or War of Independence of 1857 • Divide and conquer strategy had worked well for the British • Religious differences offered an easy way to divide Hindus from Muslims • Uniting factor • Racist, superior and paternalistic attitudes of the British in India gave the Indians something to unite against • East India Company used Sepoy: Indian soldiers • New Gunpowder cartridges were rumored to be sealed with cow or pig fat • Sepoy rebelled against East India Company rule • Resulted in the end of 100 years of company rule in India • British government took direct control to protect their valuable trading empire and ruled from 1858 to 1947 • Known as the Raj, British rule was eventually undermined by Mohandas K. Gandhi's passive resistance movement

21. The Sepoy Mutiny: 1857 2-A

22. Outlawing Suttee (sati)

23. Fighting the Thuggees

24. British Opium Warehouse in Patna, India Selling Patna Opium in China

25. Sir Raghubir Singh, Maharaja of Bundi

26. 1876: Queen Victoria Becomes “Empress of India” 2-D

27. Queen Victoria in India PAX BRITANNICA

28. Living Like a Maharajah

29. Imperialism in Africa • In 1880, Europeans controlled 10% of Africa; by 1914, they controlled all except Liberia & Ethiopia • Belgian Congo • At behest of King Leopold II, , a British journalist and explorer, H. M. Stanley established trading stations, signed “treaties” with African chiefs, and claimed land for Belgium – rubber tree plantations were created • Leopold’s incursion into Congo basin also raised the question of the political fate of black Africa

30. Africa: Berlin Congress 1884-85 • Established the "rules" for conquest of Africa = “Paper Partition” • Sponsored by Bismarck & Jules Ferry ; sought to prevent conflict over imperialism • The Congress coincided w/ Germany's rise as an imperial power • Agreed to stop slavery & slave trade in Africa

31. Africa 1890

32. Africa in 1914

33. Harvesting Rubber

34. History of South Africa

35. Dutch Landing in 1652

36. First European Settlement in Southern Africa • First settlers were people working for Dutch East Indian Company – arrived in 1652 • Set up present-day city of Cape Town as a trading base • Had slavery • Soon let employees go into interior to set up farms: became known as Boers, which means “farmers” • Started offering free land, and Dutch, French, and German settlers came • Became Cape Colony • Khoikhoi and San wiped out by smallpox

37. British Rule • 1795, France (Napoleon) conquered Netherlands and British took Cape Colony • English made official language in 1828, abolished slavery throughout empire in 1834 • This was intolerable to the Boers “And yet it is not their [the slaves’] freedom that drives us to such lengths, as their being placed on an equal footing with Christians, contrary to the laws of God and the natural distinction of race and religion, so that it was intolerable for any decent Christian to bow down beneath such a yoke; wherefore we rather withdrew in order to preserve our doctrines in purity” – Piet Retief’s sister ( a voortrekker)

38. The Great Trek - 1836 • The Boers relocate to escape British rule • Went on historic journey along the Vaal River • The Boers create two independent republics: the Transvaal and the Orange free State • Come into conflict with the Xhosa and Zulu kingdoms

39. The Zulu • Bantu-speaking people from the north who migrated south and conquered vast lands under great leader Shaka Zulu, (1787-1828) • He ruled over 250,00 people and could raise an army of 50,000 warriors • He was assassinated in 1828 • His successor, Dingane, was defeated by the Boers at the Battle of Blood River in 1838 • The Zulus did not make peace until the treaties that ended the Zulu Wars with the British in 1879.

40. The Struggle for South Africa

41. Afrikaner Republics and the Anglo-Boer Wars • In their isolation, the two Boer republics that were formed (Transvaal and Orange Free State) lost all contact with their Dutch origins – developed own language (Afrikaans) • The Enlightenment passed them by and so did the Industrial Revolution • Afrikaners also settled in Natal • Britain annexed Natal in 1843 – seemed like wherever Boers went, British were one step behind them • 1870: Diamonds discovered in Transvaal • 1877: British annex Transvaal • 1880: First Anglo-Boer War – Boers win in 1881

42. 1886: gold discovered near present-day city of Johannesburg – “uitlanders” [foreigners], many of whom are British, flock to gold fields seeking their fortune • By 1895, uitlanders make up half the white population of Transvaal • Given no political rights • Cecil Rhodes (Prime Minister of Cape Colony) wants to control the gold, but also has a dream of linking British colonies from north to south across Africa: “from Cape to Cairo”

43. December 1895: Jameson Raid – Rhodes sent force under Leander Starr Jameson to invade Transvaal in hopes that the uitlanders would rise up in revolt against the Boers • Jameson was captured and Rhodes forced to resign • 1899: Boers demand that all British troops being sent to Cape Colony be sent back, or it would be seen as a formal declaration of war • Boers made mistake of appearing the aggressor (just what Britain wanted) • Britain refuses and Transvaal and Orange Free State declare war • 1899-1902: Second Anglo-Boer War

44. The Boer War: 1899 - 1902 The British The Boers

45. 2nd Anglo-Boer War • British commander Lord Horatio Kitchener began a “scorched earth policy” – burned 30,000 Boer farmhouses and partial or complete destruction of 40 towns • Also set up “Concentration Camps” – 60,000 women and children interned • 26,370 women and children died (81% were children)

46. South Africaand theBoer War (1899-1902) Massive British force eventually defeated Boers and in 1910 the Transvaal, Orange Free State, Cape Colony, & Natal combined to form the Union of South Africa Although the Boers (calling themselves Afrikaners) lost the war, they won the peace. They became the dominant political force in South Africa

47. Imperialism in Asia • China: Coastal cities divided into “spheres of influence” after the Opium Wars (Britain, France, Russia, Germany, Japan) • Indochina: France completes conquest of Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos by 1893. • Burma, Malaysia and Borneo—British colonies • Indonesia-Dutch colony • Spanish-American War, 1898: U.S. defeated Spain, took Philippines, Guam, Hawaii & Cuba

48. America Becomes a Colonial Power

49. Essential Question: Why did America join the imperialist club at the end of the 19c?

50. 1. Commercial/Business Interests U. S. Foreign Investments: 1869-1908