Kingdom Plantae

1. Kingdom Plantae

2. Characteristics of Plants • Eukaryotes • Autotrophs (producers) • Multicellular • Cell walls made of cellulose • 2nd most complex kingdom • May have evolved from algae

3. Vascular tissue • A series of vessels (xylem and phloem) that extend from roots to leaves • Phloem cells move carbohydrates and other nutrients • Xylem cells move water and dissolved minerals

4. Classification of Plants • Bryophytes • Mosses, liverworts • Reproduce by spores • Nonvascular • Require standing water for reproduction

5. Bryophyte life cycle • Gametophyte dominates the life cycle • Male plant produces sperm that swim to the female plant • Requires free water for fertilization • Sporophyte grows from the female plant

6. Classification of Plants • Seedless vascular plants • Ferns, club mosses, and horsetails • Require free water for fertilization • Reproduce with spores

7. Fern life cycle • The diploid sporophyte dominates the fern life cycle • Sori produced on the sporophyte contain spores • Gametophyte germinates and produces antheridia and archegonia • Sperm from the antheridia swim to eggs in the archegonia

8. Modifications to live on land • In order to move away from water, plants must produce seeds in protected structures • Gymnosperms are cone bearing plants • Separate male and female cones

9. Flowering plants • Most plants are angiosperms • Flowers are the reproductive part of the plant • Some have separate male and female plants • Some have male and female flowers on the same plant • Most have flowers with male and female parts

10. Flowering plants • The male part is the stamen • anther • filament • The female part is the carpel (or pistal) • Stigma • Style • Ovary

11. Life Cycle of Angiosperms

12. Flowering plants • The ovary of the flower ripens and becomes a fruit

13. Fruits have different forms Their purpose is seed dispersal: Edible fruit, parachutes, stickers, and floating fruit are just a few of the strategies

14. Angiosperm classification • Divided into two groups: • Monocots • Dicots • Named for number of seed leaves • Other differences include • Organization of vascular tissue • Flower parts • Germination of seed

15. Cross section of a monocot leaf showing parallel veins (vascular tissue)

16. Cross section of a dicot leaf showing mid vein. • A. xylem • B. phloem • C. upper epidermis • D. lower epidermis

17. Leaf structure • Different cells have different functions. • The cuticle and epidermis protect.

18. Leaf structure • Different cells have different functions. • The cuticle and epidermis protect. • Palisade cells photosynthesize.

19. Leaf structure • Different cells have different functions. • The cuticle and epidermis protect. • Palisade cells photosynthesize. • Spongy cells contain air spaces.

20. Leaf structure • Guard cells open and close to regulate gas exchange and water loss.