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Revolutionary Ideals: From Enlightenment to Legacy - A Historical Overview

Explore the roots of the French Revolution through Enlightenment ideas of liberty, equality, and rights, leading to the downfall of an inept ruler and emergence of radical reforms, shaping the course of history until the Recovery Stage with Napoleon and beyond.

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Revolutionary Ideals: From Enlightenment to Legacy - A Historical Overview

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  1. The French Revolution World History AP

  2. Preliminary Stage

  3. The Enlightenment • Enlightened and Revolutionary Ideas • Social Contract (Hobbes) • Popular Sovereignty & Natural Rights (Locke) • Political and Legal Equality (Rousseau) • Personal Freedoms (Voltaire) • Global Influence of Enlightenment Values • American Revolution • Overthrow the ancien régime (old order)

  4. Inept Ruler? King Louis XVI • The King had absolute power. • Power was not limited by any representative body or parliament. • He was responsible only to God. • The King was bound by laws and customs of the kingdom

  5. Financial Crisis • During 1780s, half of royal revenue went to pay off war debts • Series of bad harvests 1787 & 1788 • Louis XVI wanted to raise taxes on the ancien régime • Aristocracy forced Louis to call the Estates General • First time since 1614

  6. Estates General • First Estate: 100,000 Catholic clergy • Did not pay taxes • Second Estate: 400,000 nobles • Exempt from many taxes • Third Estate: Rest of Population • Provided bulk of French tax revenue

  7. Discussion Questions What were the similarities between the long-term causes of the American and French Revolutions? Differences?

  8. Initial Stage(1789-1791)

  9. Moderates Take Control • National Assembly • Third Estate walked out of Estates General Meeting • Formed the National Assembly • Goals of National Assembly • “Liberty, Equality, Fraternity”

  10. Dramatic Events • Tennis Court Oath • Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen • “First Article: Men are born free and equal in rights…” • King Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette arrested

  11. Storming of the Bastille French citizens who feared King Louis XVI was going to use violence to put down the revolution stormed the Bastille on 14 July 1789

  12. Crisis Stage(1792-1794)

  13. Radicals Take Control • National Convention • National Assembly declared war on Austria, Spain, Britain, and the Netherlands • Abolished the monarchy • Elected by universal manhood suffrage Execution of Louis XVIvia the guillotine

  14. Reign of Terror • Maximilien Robespierre • Leader of the radical Jacobin party and the Committee of Public Safety • Executed Queen Marie Antoinette “The first maxim of our politics ought to be to lead the people by means of reason and the enemies of the people by terror.”

  15. Reign of Terror • Sentenced 18,000 people to death • 40,000 people were killed all together • Executed political figures who were seen as “enemies” of the revolution • 85% of people killed were peasants • Robespierre was sent to guillotine by the National Convention on 28 July 1794

  16. Radical Reforms • Universal adult male suffrage • Metric system of weights & measures • Universal military conscription • Increased rights of women • Could not participate in politics • Attacked Catholicism • Spirit of nationalism

  17. Discussion Question How were the actions of American radicals and French radicals similar? How were they different?

  18. Recovery Stage(1794-1815)

  19. Napoleon Bonaparte • Moderate government, the Directory, rules for four years following Reign of Terror • Napoleon becomes emperor in 1799

  20. Domestic Policies of Napoleon • Maintains some revolutionary gains • Freedom of religion • Napoleonic Code (Civil Code) • Schools and universities • Reverses other gains • Rights of women • Freedom of expression

  21. Napoleon’s Empire Left: Napoleon’s Empire by 1812 Above: Napoleon’s Retreat from Russia

  22. Congress of Vienna • Led by Klemens von Metternich • Balance of Power • Prevent future aggression • Legitimacy • Nationalism • Germany and Italy • Greece

  23. Unification of Italy • After 1815 parts of Italy were controlled by Austria & Spain • Nationalist leaders unify most of Italy by 1860 • Giuseppe Mazzini • Count Camillo di Cavour • Giuseppe Garibaldi • Faced several problems after unification Italy in 1800

  24. Unification of Germany • German nationalism sparked by Napoleonic wars • Otto von Bismarck stages a series of wars to unify Germany • German unification completed in 1871 • Franco-Prussian War Otto von Bismarck

  25. Europe in 1800

  26. Europe in 1900

  27. Challenges to Conservatism • Liberals • Representation of propertied people in government • Constitutional and parliamentary rule • Limited state interference in individual • Radicals • Broader voting rights than liberals; some support outright democracy • Urge reforms for the lower class

  28. Legacy of the French Revolution • Global Independence movements • Haitian Revolution • Latin American independence • Triggered by Napoleon’s invasion of Spain • Slave Trade and Slavery • England abolished slave trade in 1807; slavery in 1833 • U.S.—slave trade 1808; slavery 1865 • Brazil—Last to abolish slavery (1888)

  29. Legacy of the French Revolution • Women’s Rights • Played major role in the revolutions • Sewing uniforms, nurses, running businesses, some even fought • Lost many rights after revolution • Napoleon • Feminist Movements • Mary Wollstonecraft • End of manorialism & serfdom • Except in Russia

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