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PROBLEM SOLVING AND DECISION MAKING

PROBLEM SOLVING AND DECISION MAKING. ICE BREAKER. ICEBREAKER. What is your leisure activity? Who , living or dead , do you most admire , and why? What is your greatest achievement? What are your positive qualities?

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PROBLEM SOLVING AND DECISION MAKING

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  1. PROBLEM SOLVING AND DECISION MAKING Advesh Consultancy Services

  2. ICE BREAKER Advesh Consultancy Services

  3. ICEBREAKER • What is your leisure activity? • Who , living or dead , do you most admire , and why? • What is your greatest achievement? • What are your positive qualities? • If you had unlimited resources , what would you buy which would give you most pleasure? Advesh Consultancy Services

  4. PROGRAMME OBJECTIVE • To clarify and define the problem. • To understand the usefulness of collaborative problem solving and decision making. • To examine different decision making models. • To utilize creativity in the problem solving/decision making process. • To plan, practice, and problem solve with making decisions through case studies, role playing and group discussions. Advesh Consultancy Services

  5. Please write a One Sentence Definition of PROBLEM SOLVING and DECISION MAKING. Advesh Consultancy Services

  6. DEFINITION –PROBLEM SOLVING A systematic approach to defining the problem and creating a vast number of possible solutions without judging these solutions. Advesh Consultancy Services

  7. PROBLEM SOLVING Problem solving is a cognitive processing directed at achieving a goal where no solution method is obvious to the problem solver. Advesh Consultancy Services

  8. ? A B Problem Solving Problem Solving is ….. • “….. the art of finding ways to get from where you are now to where you want to be (assuming you do not already know how). • The ‘problem’, therefore, is the gap between the present situation and a more desirable one.” (Nolan 1989) Is this Problem Solving?

  9. TRIPLE CONSTRAINT PRINCIPLE • Something is a problem if: • it makes you late • it increases costs • it degrades performance. time cost performance Advesh Consultancy Services

  10. If none of these occur, it’s NOT a problem, just a hindrance. Advesh Consultancy Services

  11. DEFINITION – DECISION MAKING The act of narrowing down the possibilities, choosing a course of action, and determining the action’s potential consequences. Advesh Consultancy Services

  12. “It's not a problem that we have a problem. It's a problem if we don't deal with the problem.” • --Mary Kay Utech Advesh Consultancy Services

  13. WHAT DOES IT INVOLVE? Advesh Consultancy Services

  14. Problem solving is a skill, a tool and a process. • It is a skill because once you have learnt it you can use it repeatedly, like the ability to ride a bicycle, add numbers or speak a language. • It is a tool because it can help you solve an immediate problem or to achieve a goal. • It is also a process because it involves taking a number of steps. Advesh Consultancy Services

  15. PROBLEM SOLVING • Skill • Process • Tools Advesh Consultancy Services

  16. WHAT SKILLS DO YOU USE IN PROBLEM SOLVING? Advesh Consultancy Services

  17. SKILL SETS IN PROBLEM SOLVING? • Making judgements • Analytical skills • Decision making • Collecting information • Planning Advesh Consultancy Services

  18. Problem Solving People? • Experts. • People who know the area of knowledge thoroughly. Solving problems becomes more natural. • People who can think of alternatives even when no clear solutions seems apparent. Advesh Consultancy Services

  19. Expert Problem Solvers • Have a better memory for relevant details in the problem. • Classify problems according to their underlying principles. • Use well-established procedures. • Work forwards towards a goal (rather than backwards). Advesh Consultancy Services

  20. Self-regulation Content Understanding Motivation Metacognition Planning Effort Self-efficacy Problem Solving Requirements Domain-dependent problem-solving strategies Self-monitoring Advesh Consultancy Services

  21. UNDERSTANDING THE PROCESS ‘HOW TO SOLVE IT?’ Engage : I want to and I can • Read the problem (and all information) • Listen • Learn about the situation that poses the problem • Motivation • Overcome panic Advesh Consultancy Services

  22. UNDERSTANDING THE PROCESS ‘HOW TO SOLVE IT? Understand the problem: define • Put in the time to define the problem: • Discuss. • Ask questions. • Visualize. • Restate the problem in your own words. • Explain the problem to someone else. Advesh Consultancy Services

  23. UNDERSTANDING THE PROCESS ‘HOW TO SOLVE IT?’ Planaprocedure to solve the problem • Prior experience. • Data available. • Content knowledge. • Patterns. • Estimation. • Alternate solutions. • Feasibility. Advesh Consultancy Services

  24. UNDERSTANDING THE PROCESS ‘HOW TO SOLVE IT’ Collect data & the knowledge required • A solution may be required based upon imperfect knowledge. Advesh Consultancy Services

  25. UNDERSTANDING THE PROCESS: ‘HOW TO SOLVE IT?’ Select the preferred solution: test, use and evaluate • Check each step • Can you determine clearly that each step is correct? • Can you prove that each step is correct? Advesh Consultancy Services

  26. UNDERSTANDING THE PROCESS: ‘HOW TO SOLVE IT?’ Reflect on the process • Are you certain you solved the problem? • Can you check the result and your argument? • Can use alternate solutions? • What did you actually do? • Can you explain this to another? • Can you use the result &/or method for another problem? Advesh Consultancy Services

  27. PROBLEM SOLVING • DEFINE • INFORMATION/MEASURES • ANALYSE • GENERATE ALTERNATIVES • SELECT ALTERNATIVES/DECIDE • IMPLEMENT Advesh Consultancy Services

  28. STEP 1 DEFINE Advesh Consultancy Services

  29. DEFINING THE PROBELM • Collect all the relevant information. • Clarify background issues. • What are the constraints? • Are there sub-problems that can be dealt with separately? • Can the problem now be formulated? Advesh Consultancy Services

  30. PROBLEM/OPPORTUNITY STATEMENT WORKSHEET Advesh Consultancy Services

  31. ACTIVITY 212.00 – 1.00 DEFINE PROBLEM Advesh Consultancy Services

  32. STEP 2 INFORMATION/MEASURES Advesh Consultancy Services

  33. ACTIVITY • Imagine that you were going to buy a house in a new area. List ten things that you would want to know about a house before you gave it serious consideration . Tick any of these things that you could find out from the agent’s information. How could you find out the other things? Advesh Consultancy Services

  34. Do we have all of the information and data we need? • Collect data and digest the information. Advesh Consultancy Services

  35. TYPES OF INFORMATION • QUANTITATIVE • QUALITATIVE Advesh Consultancy Services

  36. QUANTITATIVE • How much? • How many? • How frequently? • How likely? • How quickly? Advesh Consultancy Services

  37. QUALITATIVE • What? • Why? • How? Advesh Consultancy Services

  38. DATA SOURCES • PrimaryData gathered by you directly for your purpose • SecondaryGathered by others for their purpose Advesh Consultancy Services

  39. PRIMARY DATA • Give examples Advesh Consultancy Services

  40. SECONDARY DATA • Collected by other Depts • Reference Books • Databases • Journals • Published Reports • Govt Statistics Advesh Consultancy Services

  41. ACTIVITY 42.30 PM 3.00 PM INFORMATION Advesh Consultancy Services

  42. ACTIVITY 4A • In a production line, the output of a particular machine has come down drastically. There was a hue and cry that the operator is intentionally slowing down production. • What all information need to be collected before commencing any action? Advesh Consultancy Services

  43. ACTIVITY 4B • First batch of Vacuum Circuit Breakers supplied by a Company in India in the year 1981 failed miserably • The Technical collaborators, the Manufacturers and the Customers were trying to resolve the issue • What all information need to be collected? Advesh Consultancy Services

  44. ACTIVITY 4C • On a piece of paper, draw a map of the people you know. Put yourself in the middle and connect the people you know very well in the first circle. Add people you know through these network in the next layer and connect them with spokes. Do three levels. Advesh Consultancy Services

  45. STEP 3 ANALYSE Advesh Consultancy Services

  46. Analyze the Problem Do not make the mistake of assuming you know what is causing the problem without an effort to fully investigate the problem you have defined.  Try to view the problem from a variety of viewpoints, not just how it affects you.  Think about how the issue affects others.  It is essential to spend some time researching the problem.  Advesh Consultancy Services

  47. Questions to Ask When Analyzing the Problem: • What is the history of the problem?  How long has it existed? • How serious is the problem? • What are the causes of the problem? • What are the effects of the problem? • What are the symptoms of the problem? • What methods does the group already have for dealing with the problem? • What are the limitations of those methods? • How much freedom does the group have in gathering information and attempting to solve the problem? • What obstacles keep the group from achieving the goal? • Can the problem be divided into sub problems for definition and analysis Advesh Consultancy Services

  48. Making sense of numbers • Averages(Mean,Median,Mode) • Grouping of data • Distribution • Trends • Correlation • Pie charts Advesh Consultancy Services

  49. ANALYSE • Data Analysis ExploringGenerating Theories about causesVerifying/eliminating causes • Process Analysis Exploring Generating Theories about causes Verifying/eliminating causes Advesh Consultancy Services

  50. ` Advesh Consultancy Services

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