Aims • Acquire insight into usability issues and obtain an overview of state of the art for speech in the interface • Obtain hands-on experience with design of speech-centric interface • Exercise project skills (organisation, collaboration, report, presentation) U1, Speech in the interface: 1. Introduction

Overview of Module • Introduction • Dialog management • Speech input technologies • Speech output technologies • Multimodal interaction • Evaluation • Human Communication • Exercises and project U1, Speech in the interface: 1. Introduction

Speech in the interface U1, Speech in the interface: 1. Introduction

Markets and applications  R. Moore 2005 U1, Speech in the interface: 1. Introduction

Speech interfaces • Conversational interfaces: natural language interaction with machines (Star Trek syndrome) • Command & Control applications: voice-based equivalent of command-line interfaces and button interfaces (utterances need to adhere to strict grammar) U1, Speech in the interface: 1. Introduction

Components of conversational interfaces Application Speech Synthesis Language Generation Dialogue Manager Natural Language Analysis Speech recognition U1, Speech in the interface: 1. Introduction

Spin-offs • 1. Dictation systems: what you say Speech Synthesis Language Generation Dialogue Manager Natural Language Analysis Speech recognition Application (e.g. MS-Word) U1, Speech in the interface: 1. Introduction

2. Command-control: what you mean Application (e.g. stereo) Speech Synthesis Language Generation Dialogue Manager Speech recognition (Natural Language) Analysis U1, Speech in the interface: 1. Introduction

3. Text-to-speech conversion LangGeneration: prosody Speech Synthesis Dialogue Manager Natural Language Analysis Speech recognition Application (e.g. E-mail) U1, Speech in the interface: 1. Introduction

Speech in HCI: “yes please” • Among others Zue (MIT): Speech will be key technology of the 21st century U1, Speech in the interface: 1. Introduction

Background • Zue c.s.: • Aim: developing the conversational interface • Motivation: natural language interaction is the most natural form of communication (learned at a very early age); among other things very efficient error handling U1, Speech in the interface: 1. Introduction

Advantages of speech • direct access to functionality • supports mobility • suited for hands busy/dirty - eyes busy situations • no special motor abilities needed, optimal compatibility with communicative abilities of users • compatible with trend towards miniaturisation of equipment U1, Speech in the interface: 1. Introduction

Maturity hypothesis • Speech interfaces not yet mature because of complexity of technology: • R.K. Moore: “Spoken language interaction is the most sophisticated behaviour of the most complex organism in the known universe” U1, Speech in the interface: 1. Introduction

Phylogenetic argumentation • First: direct manipulation (“you do what i want”) • Later: symbolic manipulation (cf. management, commercials) • Physical manipulation and violence considered primitive U1, Speech in the interface: 1. Introduction

Ontogenetic argumentation • Russian educational psychology (Galperin): • knowledge acquisition starts with direct manipulation • later-on symbolic manipulation • ”stay off” warning to children: “look with your eyes not with your hands” U1, Speech in the interface: 1. Introduction

Therefore • Direct manipulation phylogenetically and ontogenetically more primitive and less complex • Maturity hypothesis: same trajectory for HCI: first direct manipulation then symbolic manipulation (speech) U1, Speech in the interface: 1. Introduction

However • UI design principles (Schneiderman ‘86): • transparency: continuous representation of objects and actions • fast, incremental and reversible operations with immediate effect • physical actions or labelled buttons, avoid complex syntax/natural language as much as possible • Design principles difficult to realise in speech interfaces U1, Speech in the interface: 1. Introduction

In addition, language and speech technology is not (yet) very robust, and development costs are high • Getting towards the application semantics is more complicated for (natural) language than for direct manipulation • Finally: HCI is domain in its own right, so there is no a priori reason to model HCI after HHI • SO: avoid natural language U1, Speech in the interface: 1. Introduction

Speech interfaces: yes or no • Speech not suited for all kinds of information or situations (e.g. “a picture is worth a thousand words”) • Nevertheless, speech is useful under certain conditions, e.g. • hands busy - eyes busy • mobility, miniaturisation • disabilities (CTS/RSI!) U1, Speech in the interface: 1. Introduction

use interface design guidelines for design of speech interfaces e.g. http://www.larson-tech.com/MMGuide.html • and in return: offer human communication theory as model for HCI U1, Speech in the interface: 1. Introduction

Speech interfaces (SI) and Direct-manipulation interfaces • Main problems with speech interfaces: • no external support for functionality • unreliability of input technology U1, Speech in the interface: 1. Introduction

Dealing with unreliability • Constrain domain • restricted vocabulary • restricted application / task domain • restricted number of users: speaker-dependent speech recognition • Extensive verification (in connection with error cost) U1, Speech in the interface: 1. Introduction

Dealing with functionality problem • Quick reference card • Training • System-driven dialogue  experience  need for adaptive systems (e.g. barge-in) U1, Speech in the interface: 1. Introduction

Aim • Provide hands-on experience with design and implementation of a speech-centric interface, involving (at least) voice-based control and speech output. • The topic: speech/multimodal interface for in-car information and entertainment systems. U1, Speech in the interface: 1. Introduction

Tools • Download CSLU toolkit from http://www.cslu.ogi.edu/toolkit (requires registering) U1, Speech in the interface: 1. Introduction

Project stages • Task analysis (requirements gathering) • Design on paper (V0.1) • Wizard of Oz • Redesign, implementation of V1.0 • Validation • Evaluation • Report U1, Speech in the interface: 1. Introduction

Exercise for today • CSLU Exercises: McTear ch. 7, pizza application • Extend the pizza application: • Goto http://www.dominos.nl/ • Click “online bestellen” • Extend the dialogue system to include all the topping options, the side dishes and the drinks (see “menukaart”) • Test the system and discuss your experiences U1, Speech in the interface: 1. Introduction

Composition of project teams U1, Speech in the interface: 1. Introduction

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