The Rise of Totalitarianism

1. The Rise of Totalitarianism Benito Mussolini Adolf Hitler Joseph Stalin Francisco Franco Hideki Tojo

2. Totalitarianism vs. Authoritarianism • 'Authoritarian' refers to the structure of government rather than to society. • Totalitarian regimes seek to control virtually all aspects of the social life. • Including: economy, education, art, science, private life and morals of citizens.

3. Rise of Totalitarianism • Totalitarianism can be traced back to the Great War. • Attrition made required total effort • War required all institutions & individuals to subordinate their interests to victory • Russia (1917), Italy (1922), Germany (1933), Spain (1939), Japan (1926)

4. Russia • Vladimir Lenin & emergence of USSR • After the Revolution in 1917 the Bolsheviks & Lenin had solidified control by 1923. • Lenin died in 1924 Joseph Stalin rose to power in Soviet Russia • Stalin pursued the policy of subordinating the individual to the ‘party’.

5. Stalinism • “Stalinism”- Stalin’s style for the Soviet government • Stalin • Rejected dissent • Stalin = sole interpreter • World wide Communist revolution post-poned • Economic Changes • Rapid Industrialization (Five Year Plans) • Collectivization of Agriculture • Effective BUT… • Purges • Millions killed • Guilty executed or sent to Gulag

6. Italy & WWI • WWI leaves Italy with many problems: • Heavy debts • Did not receive the land promised by France & G.B. • Rising unemployment led to unrest, particularly in cities.

7. March on Rome March on Rome:October, 1922 • Coup d'état  Mussolini's National Fascist Party rise to power in Italy • Ousted Prime Minister • King Victor Emmanuel III handed power to Mussolini. • Mussolini widely supported by military, business, & liberal right-wing. • Mussolini quickly moved to establish dictatorship

8. Fascism • Fascism is a combination of many ideas • Corporatism: Power exercised through large organizations (businesses, trade unions) working with each other, directed by the state • Syndicalism: bringing industry & gov’t under control of labor unions • Nationalism, Expansionism, Social Progress, Anti-Communism in combination with censorship & state propaganda • Ideas of racial superiority

9. Nationalism, Race &Fascism • Struggle of nation & race fundamental in society • Communists emphasized class struggle • Nations bind people by their ancestry • Nations are natural & good • Fascism sought to solve economic, political, and social problems via ‘national rebirth’ • Celebrates the nation & race above all else, • Cults of unity, strength and purity.

10. History = class struggle Nations are arbitrary  class should unite the world Global viewpoint Gov’t runs industry Struggle between nations & races Nations are natural thus national pride is emphasized National viewpoint Gov’t has some control over industry CommunismFascism

11. Germany: Weimar Republic • A parliamentary republic established in 1919. • Faced numerous problems • Hyperinflation • Political extremists • War Reparations • Collapsed in the early 1930s

12. Adolf Hitler • Austrian-born German • Decorated WWI veteran • Leader of the National Socilaist German Workers Party (NSDAP) better known as the Nazi Party

13. Hitler • By 1921 Hitler & Oratory ability • Nazi Party: Centered in Munich • German nationalist movement • S.A. (Sturmabteilung) • Stormtroopers/”brown shirts” • Paramilitary organization • S.S. (Schutzstaffel) • Stormtroopers loyal to Hitler • Gestapo: official secret police of Nazi Germany

14. Beer Hall PutschNovember, 1923 • Failed Coup attempt • Hitler wanted to emulate the March on Rome • November 8th: Declares a new government in a Beer Hall • November 9th –The March Begins • To Bavarian War Ministry • Clash with police and march destroyed

15. Arrest, Trial, Prison • Hitler arrested for High Treason • Trial • Uses trial as a platform • Gains noteriety & popularity • April 1924 – Sentenced to 5 years • Served less than one year • Mein Kampf: “My Struggle” • Part Autobiography part political rant • Helps spread his ideas.

16. Depression, Election • By 1930 the Depression strikes Germany • President Paul von Hindenburg ran for re-election in 1932 • The only one who could defeat Hitler • Wins election • Has difficulty fending off Nazis • 1933 Hindenburg appointed Hitler Chancellor of Germany

17. Reichstag Fire • February 1933: Reichstag set on fire • The fire began Hitler’s rise to total power • Reichstag Fire Decree (February ‘33) • Suspends civil liberties. • Enabling Act (March ’33) • Parliament gave Hitler's legislative powers. • Hindenburg dies (August ’34) • Hitler declared the office of President vacant • Hitler makes himself head of state or "Führer”

18. Spanish Civil War • 1936 -1939: It began after a coup bySpanish Army Generals • The war ended with the victory of the rebel forces • Republican gov’t overthrown • Dictatorship established with Franco at its helm.

19. Guernica • Pablo Picasso depicts the bombing of Guernica by German & Italian war planes.

20. The Empire of Japan • Rapid industrialization and Militarization emergence as a world power • Leads to membership in the Axis Alliance of WWII • Gained notoriety war crimes against the people within their Empire.

21. 1931-32 Japan invades Manchuria 1935: Italy invades Ethiopia Germany reintroduces Conscription (violation) 1936 Germany Remilitarized Rhineland Franco revolts against Spainish Gov’t. Tripartate Pact: First Concentration Camps 1937 Japan – full scale invasion of China (Rape of Nanking) 1938 Anschluss: Germany invades/ annex Austria Hitler claims Sudetenland Germany seizes Czechoslovakia 1939 Italy invades/annexes Albania Hitler demands Danzig (Poland) Sept. 1, 1939 Timeline