CHBE 594 Lect 08

1. CHBE 594 Lect 08 Where is the Money?

2. Object For Today Answer two questions: • Where is the money for engineering/science research? • What are the agencies who give it out interested in?

3. Where is the Money? Key sources: • Government programs • NSF, DOE, NASA, DARPA, AFOSR, ONR, ARO, EPA, NIH, CDC, DJ, DHS • Foundations • Cancer society, heart society, research corp • Corporate • University/State

4. Government Agencies Best • The US government pays people to give away money • Develop Scientific manpower • Maintain the federal weapons labs • Maintain US technological superiority

5. Typical Non-Continuing Grants

6. Special Programs For Young Investigators

7. Agencies Considered • National Science Foundation (NSF) • Department of Energy (DOE) • National Institute of Health (NIH) • National Aeronautics and Space Agency (NASA) • Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)

8. Background • Up until ~1820 Science was a rich man’s entertainment • For example Lavoisier was Louis XVI’s court scientist and tax collector • Louis also had court musicians, court jester, ... • Changed in 1851 – British government gives first scientific grant 1000 £ (equivalent to $200,000 today) to be used for scientific research • France, Austria soon follow others fund because they are afraid to be left behind

9. The precursor to the NIH Started In 1878 • There was a yellow fever, cholera epidemic • Naval hospital in Staten Island NY was asked to do research into cures • Later expanded to other areas • Naval hospital research division moved to donated land in Bethesda Md – eventually became NIH • Chamberlain-Kahn Act of 1919 allow scientists to apply for grants – 25 grants/yr were given until 1940

10. Historical Background (cont.) • Post World War II • Grant funding growing in significance • $2 billion by 1950 • $95 Billion by 1981 • $300 Billion as of 2002

11. NIH • Started 1872 to study communicable diseases • Chemists added 1902 for pharmaceuticals • Major expansion in WWI, WWII –troop health and safe environment • Today $24B • Focus remains human health • Cancer, heart disease, ... • NIH proposals need to demonstrate that they will do some good for human health

12. Example NIH Areas • Drug synthesis • Drug discovery • Molecular probes for cells

13. NSF & DOE Started After World War II • Prior to WWII federal government gave 25 grants/yr for scientific research (>$1,000,000/yr total) • Most research funded from university endowments, private giving • UIUC had ag experiment station • WWII came and in 4 years US government spent $20B (equivalent to $300B today) on research to make the atomic bomb • There were hardly enough scientists to work on the project

14. What to Do After The War • After the war question arose what to do with facilities/expertise. • President Truman decided that • Weapons Labs built during WWI should continue to do weapons work • Other funds should go to grants at universities so US had scientific manpower available if another Manhattan project was needed • Atomic energy commission (DOE) started to maintain facilities, do weapons work • NSF started to build manpower base

15. NSF Still Has Maintained The Manpower Mission NSF Mission • Insure supply of scientific manpower for industry • Insure a scientifically literate society • Spread science to all states and all segments of society • Advance our economy

16. Selected Current Grants • Ab Initio Multiple Spawning Dynamics Martinez, Todd • New Hydrogen Bonding Modules for Supramolecular Polymer Chemistry Zimmerman, Steven • Asymmetric Catalysis in Main Group Chemistry with Chiral Lewis Bases Denmark, Scott • Patterning and Visualizing Interfacial Chemistries in Complex Systems Nuzzo, Ralph • Characterization of Electrode Activity through Photoelectron Spectroscopy: A Coordinated Synchrotron and Laboratory XPS Approach to Electrocatalysis Wieckowski, Andrzej • 2D Molecular Grids Made to Order Moore, Jeffrey • Electroreduction Reactivity and the Structure of Solvents on Electrode Surfaces Gewirth, Andrew • Catalytic, Regioselective Functionalization of Alkane and Arenes Hartwig, John

17. DOE • 1950 – Atomic Energy Commission (2 Billion budget) • Maintain the federal laboratories in case they are needed for another Manhattan project • Do basic science that would lead to better nuclear weapons • Find peaceful uses for nuclear energy • 1973 – Arab oil embargo • Gas price $3.20/gal (equivalent to $12/gal today) • AEC became DOE – Energy mission added • 2007 (24 billion budget) • Maintain the federal laboratories in case they are needed for another Manhattan project (~$10-13 B) • Expand interests to ongoing threats (bio) • Continue weapons development & waste cleanup (~$10 B) • Provide science and technology for the energy industry (~$2 B) • Interest by federal labs drives funding

18. Areas Supported By DOE Of Interest To Chemists Basic Energy Sciences • Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Sciences • Catalysis and Chemical Transformations • Chemical Energy and Chemical Engineering (closed) • Chemical Physics Research • Heavy Element Chemistry • Photochemistry and Radiation Research • Separations and Analysis • Chemical synthesis of nanoscale materials and assembly of nanomaterials into macroscopic structures. • Surface and interfacial chemistry—Electrochemistry, electro-catalysis, materials aspects of catalysis, molecular level understanding of friction, adhesion and lubrication. • Polymers and polymer composites. • Development of science-driven, laboratory-based “Analytical Tools and Techniques”.

19. Example DOE Grants • New Catalytic DNA Biosensors for Radionuclides and Metal ions (Lu) • Cyanometallates, Their Cages, and Associated Host-Guest Behavior • A Combined Synthetic, Spectroscopic, and Theoretical Approach to the Rational Design of Photophysical and Photochemical Properties of • Catalytic Nanoparticles for DMFC and DFAFC: Reaction Rates, Local Densities of States, and Oxygen Shuttling Pathways • Cathode Catalysis in Hydrogen/Oxygen Fuel Cells • Molecular Aspects of Transport in Thin Films of Controlled Architecture • Science in the Service of Security: Nano-Flow, Surface Recognition, Enzyme Catalysis

20. NASA & DARPA Started After Sputnik • October 4, 1957 USSR launched Sputnik • Two previous US attempts had failed • US Government worried about USSR missile threat • US decided to invest in science and space • NASA started to build rockets, explore space • DARPA started to catch up elsewhere

21. DARPA • Formed in 1958 (just after sputnik) so US catches up and passes Russians • 1960-80 US passed everyone • Now prevent technology surprise • $4B unclassified budget much larger classified budget, $83B total DOD R&D spending – compares to $4.3B NSF R&D budget • Explore any idea that could yield useful military technology • Upcoming calls include nanowire sensors, micropumps, 20W power sources

22. NASA • NASA’s main mission is to explore space, but through the Roses program it also supports chemical research • Planetary Instruments development • Carbon Cycle Science • Tropospheric Chemistry • Planetary Atmospheres • Instrument incubator • Research and Technology Development to Support Crew Health and Performance in Space Exploration Missions

23. Summary • US Government funds scientific research to advance societal goals • Not just basic research for research’s sake • Agencies have missions • NSF – build scientific manpower, help the economy • DOE – maintain national labs, contribute to defense, help the energy industries • NIH – advance human health • DARPA – prevent technological surprise • NASA – advance spacecraft & rocketry, explore the universe • Proposals need to advance these goals

24. Example: How can I fund The Following • Assume that I am passionate about left handed molecules • A proposal saying that I love left handed molecules, give me money to study them will fail. What can I do to get them funded at each of the agencies. • NSF – build scientific manpower, help the economy • DOE – maintain national labs, contribute to defense, help the energy industries • NIH – advance human health • DARPA – prevent technological surprise • NASA – advance spacecraft & rocketry, explore the universe

25. Email Lists Of Funding Opportunities • NSF: https://service.govdelivery.com/service/multi_subscribe.html?code=USNSF&custom_id=823 • NIH Guide LISTSERV • http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/listserv.htm • Dept. of Education • http://www.ed.gov/news/newsletters/edinfo/index.html • Federal Grants • http://www.grants.gov/search/subscribeAll.do

26. Be Sure To Get In Touch With The Program Officer Before You Submit The Proposal • Discuss your ideas • Ask questions about format • Find out the evaluation criteria, methods

27. Questions?