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Chemistry is the study of matter's composition and transformations, originating from the word "alchemy." It encompasses a blend of early scientific and philosophical traditions, including metallurgy, physics, and mysticism. Areas of chemistry include inorganic and organic chemistry, biochemistry, physical chemistry, and analytical chemistry. The scientific method involves steps like observation, hypothesis formulation, experimentation, data collection, and conclusion. It distinguishes between theories—comprehensive explanations supported by evidence—and laws, which summarize observed phenomena in concise statements.
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What is Chemistry? • the study of the composition of matter and the changes it undergoes • comes from the word alchemy • refers to both an early form of the investigation of nature and an early philosophical and spiritual discipline, both combining elements of chemistry, metallurgy, physics, medicine, astrology, semiotics, mysticism, spiritualism, and art all as parts of one greater force • example- making lead into gold • areas of chemistry one can study • inorganic- chemicals without carbon • organic- chemicals with carbon • biochemistry- chemical processes in organisms • physical chemistry- transfer of energy, rate… • analytical- analyze composition of something
The Scientific Method/Labs • Observe • Hypothesis– If…then…because… • Procedure • Controls and Variables • manipulating (dependent) variable • responding (independent) variable • control (s) • experimental control • Data Collection • quantitative (#’s in tables) • qualitative (written observations) • Process the Data– math and graph (which type?) • Conclusion– results supported by data and explanation of those results • Evaluation– identify weaknesses and suggest improvements
Theory vs. Law • theory • comprehensive explanation of an important feature of nature that is supported by many facts gathered over time • law • does not try to explain, just a concise statement that summarizes the results of many observations and experiments
Dimensional Analysis • figure what you have and where you are going • “cancel out” what you don’t want • Use conversion factors (fraction that equals one) • example: 23,532 seconds = ? hours 23,532 sec.X 1 min. X 1 hour = 1 60 sec. 60 min. 7463 mmX 1 m = 1 1000 mm • is youranswer reasonable? 6.5 hours 7.463 m
