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Cracking the Code: Energy and CO 2

Cracking the Code: Energy and CO 2. Malcolm Bell Buildings, Energy and Sustainability Group, School of the Built Environment, Leeds Metropolitan University, Leeds, UK. Paper presented to: The Code for Sustainable Homes: Cracking the Code Seminar - 14 March 2007, Birmingham, UK.

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Cracking the Code: Energy and CO 2

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  1. Cracking the Code:Energy and CO2 Malcolm Bell Buildings, Energy and Sustainability Group, School of the Built Environment, Leeds Metropolitan University, Leeds, UK. Paper presented to: The Code for Sustainable Homes: Cracking the Code Seminar - 14 March 2007, Birmingham, UK.

  2. Racking up the energy/CO2 points

  3. Target Emission Rate – the TER partially offsets higher carbon intensities of fuels other than gas (electricity, oil, lpg etc. Target Emission Rate kg (CO2)/m2/a CO2 emissions for lighting TER = (CH x fuel factor + CL) x (1- Improvement) CO2 emissions for ventilation, and space & water heating for the notional dwelling Improvement factor = 0.2 i.e. a 20% reduction

  4. The TER thresholds

  5. Target Emission Rate – the TER

  6. - 10% - 18% - 25% - 44% circa -135% to -150% ?? TER - Threshold values

  7. The TER points scale

  8. TER – Threshold compliance packages 80m2 Semidetached 2 storey house

  9. TER-06 - electricity TER-06 - gas & bio TER – Base Case Bio: would meet the threshold for 4 Star = 12.9 code points

  10. TER-06 - electricity TER-06 - gas & bio TER – 1 (-10%)

  11. TER-06 - electricity TER-06 - gas & bio TER – 2 (-18%)

  12. TER-06 - electricity TER-06 - gas & bio TER – 3(-25%) Actual = 24 Target = 24.77

  13. TER-06 - electricity TER-06 - gas & bio TER – 4(-44%) Actual = 17 Target = 18.49

  14. Source: Wall (2006), Photo: Hans Eek Airtightness 1 m/h Passive House Standards Timber frame scheme Göteborg, Sweden (120 m2) MVHR – 80% with duct heaters 5m2 Solar water + resistance top-up

  15. Passive House Standards Timber frame scheme Göteborg, Sweden Source: Wall (2006), Photo: Hans Eek TER (kgCO2/m2) Design ≈ 10.6 Actual ≈ 15.3 Under Swedish conditions! Source: Wall (2006), Energy and Buildings. 38, pp 627-634

  16. TER-06 - electricity TER-06 - gas & bio TER – 5(-100%) Net TER = 0

  17. Appliances TER – 6(-135% to -150%)

  18. The place of energy & CO2 One of many scenarios Note: “Other energy” is modelled to balance TER & other energy points in each class

  19. Models and Management Stafford Beer’s presidential address to the Society for General Systems Research at the Annual Meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1971 (Beer 1973)

  20. ? Model Reality Management Managing the world

  21. Management Model ? ? Reality Time The effects of time

  22. Feedback on performance: Airtightness

  23. Hidden air paths Behind plasterboard

  24. Hidden air paths Internal partitions

  25. Thermal bridging & construction Designed performance is almost always degraded

  26. Ψ value = 0.068 W/mK Ψ value = 0.180 W/mK As Designed = 42mm gap Typical As Built = 20mm gap +164% Construction issues: window lintel

  27. Party wall heat bypass Understanding complex heat loss paths

  28. ? Only if we use it to manage the real world Cracking the Code?

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