Washington Heads the New Government

1. Washington Heads the New Government SECTION 1 SECTION 2 Foreign Affairs Trouble the Nation Jefferson Alters the Nation’s Course SECTION 3 The War of 1812 SECTION 4 Launching the New Nation NEXT

2. Section 1 Washington Heads the New Government President Washington transforms the ideas of the Constitution into a real government. NEXT

3. SECTION 1 Washington Heads the New Government Demographics of the New Nation 1790 Census • 4 million people • 1/30 live in cities --Philly (#1) NY (2) Boston (3) • Slaves = 18% of the population --40,000 slaves in the North (1/2 in NY state) --MA has zero slaves New States • Vermont = 14th state (1777, broke off from NY) --1st state for universal male suffrage --1st state to forbid slavery in constitution • Kentucky = 15th state --permitted slavery in its constitution NEXT

4. SECTION 1 Washington Heads the New Government The New Government Takes Shape Judiciary Act of 1789 • Judiciary Act of 1789 creates Supreme (6 Justices), 3 federal circuit courts, 13 district courts • State court decisions may be appealed to federal courts ***Supremacy Clause • John Jay appointed first Chief Justice Washington Shapes the Executive Branch • Washington elected first president of U.S. in 1789 --executive branch is president, vice president(Adams) • Cabinet: State (Jefferson), War (Henry Knox), Treasury (Hamilton), Justice (Edmund Randolph) NEXT

5. Washington’s First Inaugural On April 30, 1789, Washington took the oath as the first president of the United States. The oath was administered by Robert R. Livingston, the Chancellor of New York, on a second floor balcony of Federal Hall, above a crowd assembled in the streets to witness this historic event. President Washington and the members of Congress then retired to the Senate Chamber, where Washington delivered the first inaugural address to a joint session of Congress. Senator William Maclay of Pennsylvania observed that even the great Washington trembled when he faced the assembled representatives and senators. "This great man was agitated and embarrassed,"

6. SECTION 1 Hamilton and Jefferson Debate • Hamilton and Jefferson in Conflict • Hamilton: strong central government led by wealthy, educated • Jefferson: strong state, local government; wants a nation led by small farmers • Cities: Hamilton = pro cities; Jefferson = anti-corrupt cities • Sectionalism: Hamilton has Northern support; Jefferson has Southern, Western • Hamilton’s Economic Plan • U.S. owes millions to foreign countries, private citizens • Plan • pay foreign debt to establish credit by selling western lands, creating new excise taxes, and higher tariffs • assume states’ debt • Some Southern states have paid debts, against taxes to pay for North Continued . . . NEXT

7. SECTION 1 continuedHamilton and Jefferson Debate Plan for a National Bank • Hamilton proposesBank of the United States: - funded by government, private investors - issue paper money, handle taxes • Jefferson opposed such a bank - claims the Constitution did not give the Federal government authority to establish such a bank • Hamilton argued the Constitution “implied” such authority • Debate begins over strict and loose interpretation of Constitution The District of Columbia • To win Southern support for his debt plan, Hamilton suggests: - moving nation’s capital from NYC to South • Washington, D.C. planned on grand scale; government seat by 1800 NEXT

8. The Nation’s Capital The area is the “District of Columbia” in honor of Christopher Columbus. The site plan was in the form of a square, 10 miles on each side along the Potomac River. A French engineer, Pierre Charles L’Enfant, evolved a plan of broad streets radiating out from the part of the city in which the Executive Mansion and the congressional hall were to be placed. The hall was evenutally to be called the “Capitol” in imitation of a similar building in ancient Rome.

9. SECTION 1 The First Political Parties and Rebellion Federalists and Democratic-Republicans • Split in Washington’s cabinet leads to new political parties: - Jefferson’s allies: Democratic-Republicans - Hamilton’s allies: Federalists • Two-party system established as two major parties compete for power Continued . . . NEXT

10. SECTION 1 continuedThe First Political Parties and Rebellion The Whiskey Rebellion • Protective tariff— import tax on goods produced overseas • Excise tax charged on product’s manufacture, sale, or distribution • In 1794, Pennsylvania farmers refuse to pay excise tax on whiskey - beat up federal marshals, threaten secession • Federal government shows it can enforce laws by sending in militia NEXT

11. The Whiskey Rebellion In western PA, farmers had difficulty transporting grain over primitive roads. It was usual for them to convert their surplus grain into whiskey, which was easier to transport, which they could keep indefinitely, and which was in high demand. The tax on whiskey cut heavily into their livelihoods. Tar and feathering of tax collectors, as seen after the Stamp Act were frequent.

12. Section 2 Foreign Affairs Trouble the Nation Events in Europe sharply divide American public opinion in the late 18th century. NEXT

13. SECTION 2 Foreign Affairs Trouble the Nation U.S. Deals with Europe at Home and Abroad Reactions to the French Revolution • Federalists pro-British; Democratic-Republicans pro-French • French revolutionaries declare war on Brit, Spain, Holland • Washington declares neutrality,will not support either side • Edmond Genêt, French diplomat, violates diplomatic protocol; encourages Americans’ activity Troubles with Great Britain • Treaty of Paris violations --Brits remain in fortified posts --US fails to pay debts, compensate Loyalists • Impressment of American sailors Continued . . . NEXT

14. The Genet Affair Since the French Revolutionaries had abolished all titles and had decreed that everyone, without exception, be addressed as “Citizen”, Genet is usually referred in history as “Citizen Genet”.

15. SECTION 2 continuedU.S. Response to Events in Europe • Treaty with Spain • • Spain negotiates with Thomas Pinckney, U.S. minister to Britain • • Pinckney’s Treaty of 1795, or Treaty of San Lorenzo, signed: • - Spain gives up claims lands east of Miss. River • - Florida-U.S. boundary set at 31st parallel • - Mississippi River open to U.S. traffic • Jay’s Treaty • Chief Justice John Jay makes treaty with Britain, angers Democratic-Republicans • British evacuate posts in Northwest, stop arming Natives, decrease impressment; may continue fur trade • US pays Britain $2.5 million NEXT

16. SECTION 2 continuedU.S. Response to Events in Europe • Washington Leaves Office • • 1796: At 64 yrs old, tired of Dem-Repub criticism, he retires • • Farewell Address • - Largely prepared by Hamilton • - Denounced political parties • - Defended policy of neutrality; steer clear of permanent alliances NEXT

17. Washington’s Farewell Address “We may safely trust to temporary alliances for extraordinary emergencies. This advice was twisted in order to represent Washington as advising the US against ALL foreign alliances. This led the nation into a course of isolationism which worked well in the 19th century but very badly in the 20th.

18. SECTION 2 Adams Provokes Criticism First Party-Based Elections • 1796, Federalist John Adams elected president - Jefferson, a Democratic-Republican, is vice-president • Result of sectionalism, placing regional interests above nation Adams Tries to Avoid War • French see Jay’s Treaty as violation of alliance; seize U.S. ships • XYZ Affair—French officials demand bribe to see foreign minister • Congress creates navy department, marine corps; Washington called to lead army • Undeclared naval war rages between France, U.S. for two years which US wins Continued . . . NEXT

19. SECTION 2 continuedAdams Provokes Criticism • The Alien and Sedition Acts • • Federalists fear French plot to overthrow U.S. government • • Federalists suspicious of immigrants because: • - many are active Democratic-Republicans, critical of Adams • • Federalists push Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798 through Congress • The Naturalization Act, which extended the residency period from 5 to 14 years for those aliens seeking citizenship; this law was aimed at Irish and French immigrants who were often active in Republican politics • The Alien Act, which allowed the expulsion of aliens deemed dangerous during peacetime • The Alien Enemies Act, which allowed the expulsion or imprisonment of aliens deemed dangerous during wartime. This was never enforced, but it did prompt numerous Frenchmen to return home • • Sedition Act: which provided for fines or imprisonment for individuals who criticized the government, Congress, or president in speech or print • • Some Democratic-Republican editors, publishers, politicians jailed Continued . . . NEXT

20. Satiric portrayal of the first fight in Congress—between Matthew Lyon and Roger Griswold. Lyon was later prosecuted under the Sedition Act. The first man actually indicted under the new Sedition Act was a member of Congress, Matthew Lyon. Charges stemmed from publication of two letters. One, Lyon wrote to a newspaper in reply to an attack on him. When I shall see the efforts of that power bent on the promotion of the comfort… of the people, that executive shall have my zealous and uniform support: but whenever I shall see the public welfare swallowed up in a continual grasp for power …I shall not be their humble advocate. The other letter, published by Lyon, was written by Joel Barlow. Commenting on a speech of Adams', Barlow wondered why Congress had not sent the president "to a mad house."

21. SECTION 2 continuedAdams Provokes Criticism Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions • Jefferson, Madison see Alien and Sedition Acts as misuse of power • Organize opposition in Virginia, Kentucky legislatures • Resolutions call acts violation of First Amendment rights • Nullification—states have right to void laws deemed unconstitutional The Death of Washington • Washington dies December 14, 1799 NEXT

22. Death of George Washington http://www.themedicalbag.com/story/george-washington

23. Section 3 Jefferson Alters the Nation’s Course The United States expands its borders during Thomas Jefferson’s administration. NEXT

24. SECTION 3 Jefferson Alters the Nation’s Course Jefferson Wins Presidential Election of 1800 • Presidential Campaign of 1800 • Bitter campaign between Adams and Jefferson; wild charges hurled • To Dems/Repubs—Adams was for the rich and a monarchist tied to Britain • To Feds—Jefferson’s devoted to the violent French Revolution; an atheist! • Electoral Deadlock • Jefferson beats Adams, ties running mate Aaron Burr • House of Representatives casts 35 ballots without breaking tie…Burr refuses to back out of race. • Hamilton intervenes with Federalists to give Jefferson victory • Reveals flaw in electoral process; Twelfth Amendment passed: electors cast separate ballots for president, vice-president • Dem-Repubs win Congress for the first time. NEXT

25. The Election of 1800: The Birth of Negative Campaigning Jefferson's camp accused President Adams of having a "hideous hermaphroditical character, which has neither the force and firmness of a man, nor the gentleness and sensibility of a woman." In return, Adams' men called Vice President Jefferson "a mean-spirited, low-lived fellow, the son of a half-breed Indian squaw, sired by a Virginia mulatto father." As the slurs piled on, Adams was labeled a fool, a hypocrite, a criminal, and a tyrant, while Jefferson was branded a weakling, an atheist, a libertine, and a coward. Even Martha Washington succumbed to the propaganda, telling a clergyman that Jefferson was "one of the most detestable of mankind."

26. SECTION 3 The Jefferson Presidency • Simplifying the Presidency • Jefferson replaces some Federalists with Democratic-Republicans • Reduces size of armed forces; cuts social expenses of government • Eliminates internal taxes; reduces influence of Bank of the U.S. • Favors free trade over government-controlled trade, tariffs • Southern Dominance of Politics • Madison appointed Secretary of State • South dominates politics (Madison, Monroe from VA); Northern, Federalist influence decline • Jefferson wins 1804 election over Charles Pinckney; Congress overwhelmingly Dem-Repub Continued . . . NEXT

27. SECTION 3 continuedThe Jefferson Presidency • John Marshall and the Supreme Court • Federalist John Marshall is chief justice for more than 30 years; strong Federalist • Adams pushes Judiciary Act of 1801, adding 16 federal judges • Appoints Federalist midnight judges on his last day as president, an attempt to increase Federalist power • Jefferson argues undelivered appointment papers are invalid Continued . . . NEXT

28. SECTION 3 continuedThe Jefferson Presidency Marbury v. Madison • Marbury v. Madison—William Marbury sues to have papers delivered - Judiciary Act of 1789 requires Supreme Court order - Marshall rules requirement unconstitutional • Judicial review—Supreme Court able to declare laws unconstitutional The Duel • Burr doesn’t run for VP in 1804…runs for Governor of NY • Hamilton electioneered hard against him…Burr loses…last straw for Burr • Challenges Hamilton to a duel…Hamilton accepts • 7/11/1804 on the banks of Weehawken, NJ Burr shoots and kills Hamilton • Burr’s career ruined; moves west and is eventually tried for treason; wins the case but dies in obscurity NEXT

29. The Duel All first-hand accounts of the duel agree that two shots were fired; however, Hamilton and Burr's seconds disagreed on the intervening time between the shots. It was common for both principals in a duel to fire a shot at the ground to exemplify courage, and then the duel could come to an end. Hamilton apparently fired first, and into the air, though it is not clear whether this was intentional, much less that Burr perceived him to be "throwing away his fire" (as it did not follow the standard protocol). Burr returned fire and hit Hamilton in the lower abdomen above the right hip. The musket ball ricocheted off Hamilton's second or third false rib—fracturing it—and caused considerable damage to his internal organs, particularly his liver and diaphragm before becoming lodged in his first or second lumbar vertebra. According to Pendleton's account, Hamilton collapsed immediately.

30. SECTION 3 The United States Expands West • Westward Migration • From 1800–1810, Ohio population grows from 45,000 to 231,000 • Ohio admitted as the 17th state (1803) • Most settlers use Cumberland Gap to reach Ohio, Kentucky, Tennessee • In 1775, Daniel Boone leads clearing of Wilderness Road Continued . . . NEXT

31. SECTION 3 continuedThe United States Expands West The Louisiana Purchase • Louisiana returned to France by Spain; Jefferson fears strong French presence • Jefferson buys Louisiana Territory from Napoleon - doubts he has constitutional authority - contradiction of his political philosophy? - realities of presidency forced him to abandon small gov’t principles at times • Louisiana Purchasedoubles size of U.S. Lewis and Clark • Jefferson appoints Lewis and Clark to lead Corps of Discovery: - explore new territory, find route to Pacific - gather information about people, plants animals • Native American woman, Sacajawea, serves as interpreter, guide • Zebulon Pike explored Colorado, Minnesota, New Mexico NEXT

32. SECTION 3 Jefferson’s Foreign Conflict • The Barbary Pirates • North African “Barbary States” of Morocco, Algeria, Tunis, Tripoli prey on commercial ships • European powers paid protection $ (tribute) to keep their ships safe • Washington and Adams reluctantly pay 20-30k a year to each Barbary state • Ruler of Tripoli declares war on US; Jefferson strengthens navy • American ship the Philadelphia captured and sailors imprisoned • Jefferson orders blockade of Tripoli and sends marines on a successful attack; US freed of tribute • US first offensive war and first overseas conflict Continued . . . NEXT

33. The Barbary Pirates The conflict with the Barbary Pirates is similar to recent events dealing with Somali pirates hijacking American ships, as depicted in the film Captain Phillips. Similar to the Somali pirates, Barbary pirates used small boats to take over much larger ships and held crews for ransom. Shipping companies today fork over as much as $100 million in ransoms to the Somali pirates, a strategy that saves their cargoes, but encourages more hijacking

34. Section 4 The War of 1812 War breaks out again between the United States and Britain in 1812. NEXT

35. SECTION 4 The War of 1812 The War Hawks Demand War • British and French Rivalries • British blockade French ports to prevent ships from entering • Britain, France (1000, 500) seize American ships, confiscate cargoes Grievances Against Britain • Impressment—seizing Americans, drafting them into British navy • Federalist party (pro-Brit) shrinks in popularity • Chesapeake incident further angers Americans • Jefferson convinces Congress to declare embargo, or ban on exports • Embargo, meant to hurt Europe, also hurts U.S. - Congress lifts it, except with Britain, France Continued . . . NEXT

36. The Chesapeake incident The actual number of Americans pressed into service in the Royal Navy is unknown, but it is estimated that a thousand American seamen per year were illegally pressed into British service. The British removed four “deserters” from the Chesapeake’s crew. Only one of them was British – the rest were American seamen who had been impressed into British naval service. The Leopard then sailed to England so that the men could be tried.

37. SECTION 4 continued The War Hawks Demand War Tecumseh’s Confederacy • William Henry Harrison (Gov. of Indiana territory) makes land deal with Native American chiefs • Shawnee chief Tecumseh tries to form Native American confederacy: - tells people to return to traditional beliefs, practices - presses Harrison to leave land, negotiates British help; many tribes don’t join The War Hawks • Harrison is hero of Battle of Tippecanoe but suffers heavy losses • Broke Tecumseh’s plans for unity • War hawks—want war with Britain because natives used British arms --Henry Clay of Kentucky leads the War Hawks NEXT

38. SECTION 4 The War Brings Mixed Results • Americans’ Advantages • Canadian population still strongly French • British have to send troop reinforcements 3000 miles across the stormy Atlantic • British worn out from recent wars with France and Spain • American ships strongest in the world, manned by skilled sailors • --Most famous ship, the Constitution, named because Paul Revere did the metalwork • American Disadvantages • Northeast against the war, contributes little and even helps the British at times • Old and incompetent war generals Continued . . . NEXT

39. SECTION 4 The War Brings Mixed Results • The War in Canada • Madison (wins landslide presidential election of 1808..Dem-Rep.) chooses war, thinks Britain is crippling U.S. trade, economy • U.S. army unprepared; early British victories in Detroit, Montreal • Oliver Hazard Perry defeats British on Lake Erie; U.S. wins battles on Atlantic Ocean • Native Americans fight on both sides; Tecumseh killed in battle • British blockade U.S. ports along east coast • Election of 1812 • Madison defeats Federalist, anti-war candidate DeWitt Clinton (mayor of NY) • Sectional results: Madison wins South and west Continued . . . NEXT

40. SECTION 4 continued The War Brings Mixed Results • British Burn the White House • By 1814, British raid, burn towns along Atlantic coast • British burn Washington D.C. The Battle of New Orleans • General Andrew Jackson fights Native Americans, gains national fame • Jackson defeats Native Americans at Battle of Horseshoe Bend - destroys military power of Native Americans in South • In 1815, defeats superior British force at Battle of New Orleans (the Yorktown of War of 1812) Continued . . . NEXT

41. British burn Washington D.C. and the White House The individual states, while eager to defend themselves, felt no obligation to defend D.C. This was the only time in history that D.C. was occupied. President Madison and the rest of the government was forced to flee to Virginia. The British set fire to the Capitol building and other public buildings. The Executive Mansion was painted white to hide some of the effects of the fire and it has since been known as the White House.

42. SECTION 4 continued The War Brings Mixed Results The Treaty of Ghent • Treaty of Ghent, peace agreement signed Christmas 1814 • Declares armistice or end to fighting; does not resolve all issues • 1815, commercial treaty reopens trade between Britain and U.S. • 1817, Rush-Bagot agreement limits war ships on Great Lakes • 1818, northern boundary of Louisiana Territory set at 49th parallel • Agree to jointly occupy Oregon Territory for 10 years NEXT

43. Battle of Fort McHenry During a night-long bombardment of Fort McHenry, an American lawyer was on one of the ships trying to negotiate the release of an aged physician, a friend of his who was captured in Washington. He spent an anxious night wondering if Fort McHenry would be forced to surrender. When the dawn was breaking, the old doctor kept asking “Is the flag still there?”. Inspired Key wrote a poem “The Defense of Fort McHenry”. It was noted that the words could be made to fit an old drinking song called “To Anacreon in Heaven”, and the poem sung in this fashion became the “Star Spangled Banner”