Establishment and evaluation of garlic collection from Central Asia

1. Establishment and evaluation of garlic collection from Central Asia for fertility potential and organo-S compounds EU project “Garlic and Health” - Work Package 1 Israel: Rina Kamenetsky and Haim D. Rabinowitch Idit London, Marina Baizerman, Ada Harazy and Amit Shiftan Uzbekistan: Furkat Khassanov and Habibullo Shomuradov The Netherlands: Chris Kik, A.W.van Heusden, R. Vrielink-van Ginkel andK. Burger-Meijer France: Jacques Auger and Ingrid Arnault

2. Workpackage1: Genetic Resources Objectives • Construct a large collection of garlic landraces and of close wild relatives, in order to expand the available diversity; • Construction and maintenance of a core collection; • Screening for fertility;

3. Workpackage1: Genetic Resources Objective 1 Construct a large collection of garlic landraces and of close wild relatives, in order to expand the available diversity. Israel: Rina Kamenetsky and Haim D. Rabinowitch Idit London, Marina Baizerman, Ada Harazy and Amit Shiftan Uzbekistan: Furkat Khassanov

4. Rationale Biochemical and molecular studies suggest that the highest level of heterogeneity prevails within the Central Asian cultivar group (Hong, 1999; Maaβ & Klaas, 1993; Pooler & Simon, 1995), which could serve as the most important source for garlic genetic variation and improvement (Etoh & Simon, 2002; Kamenetsky et al., 2003a; 2003b).

7. Collection periods and number of accessions Garlic entries in the Israeli collection Sources YearNo. accessions Previous collections 1996-1999 ~100 1st G&H collection 2000 120 2nd G&H collection 2001 121

8. Garlic living collection in Israel

9. Sharing and distribution of genetic material for further use in the project • 2000: Bulbs of 115 accessions sent from Israel to C. Kik (P1; The Netherlands) for phenological evaluation and DNA typing. • 2000: Bulbs of 10 accessions were sent from Israel to J. Auger (P5; France) for CSO analysis • 2000: Bulbs sent from Israel to Veronique Chovelon (P9 France) for generation of virus free propagules. • 2002: Bulbs of 32 accessions sent from Israel to J. Auger (P5; France) for CSO analysis. • 2002: Seed of two garlic accessions sent from Israel to Meriel Jones (P3, UK), for biochemical analysis of seedlings. • 2002: Phytotron raised seedlings sent from Israel to Meriel Jones (P3, UK), for biochemical analysis. • 2002: Bulbs of 53 accessions sent from The Netherlands to J. Auger (P5; France), for CSO analysis. • 2003: Samples sent from Israel to Rolf Gebhardt (P11, Germany) for experimentation. Construction of a large collection Mission completed

10. Workpackage1: Genetic Resources Objective 2 Construction and maintenance of a core collection;

11. Evaluation of garlic collections from Central Asia for fertility potential and other economic traits EU project “Garlic and Health” Israel: Rina Kamenetsky and Haim D. Rabinowitch Idit London, Marina Baizerman, Ada Harazy and Amit Shiftan Uzbekistan: Furkat Khassanov and Habibullo Shomuradov The Netherlands: Chris Kik, A.W.van Heusden, R. Vrielink-van Ginkel andK. Burger-Meijer France: Jacques Auger and Ingrid Arnault

12. Recent studies indicate that garlic species complex consists of five groups(Fritsch and Friesen, 2002): • Sativum • Longicuspis • Ophioscorodon • Subtropical • Pekinense

13. Longicuspis group Ophioscordon group subgroup Pekinense Sativum group subtropical subgroup Intraspecific classification of garlic, three major groups and two subgroups were proposed (Fritsch and Friesen, 2002)

14. Biochemical analyses - France

15. Missions to Central Asia in 2000 and 2001, collected 241 accessions, including wild populations and land-races. Garlic clones vary in most vegetative characteristics (leaf number, bulb size and structure), as well as in floral scape elongation and inflorescence development.

16. Garlic clones are classified according to their ability to bolt: 1. Complete bolting: long stalk with many flowers and topsets 2. Incomplete bolting: thin short stalk with a few large topsets 3. Nonbolting: producing only cloves inside incomplete scape (Takagi, 1990)

17. Incomplete-bolting accession Bolting accession

18. Missions to Central Asia in 200 and 2001, resulted in a collection of 241 accessions, including wild populations and land-races. Garlic clones vary in most vegetative characteristics (leaf number, bulb size and structure), as well as in floral scape elongation and inflorescence development. Genetic fingerprinting by means of AFLP markers revealed three distinct groups within this collection, differing in flowering ability and organo-S content (Chris Kik and co-workers)

19. AFLP fingerprinting of garlic collections in Wageningen and Gatersleben, Germany 97078 97076 99066 99069 99006 99069 99007 99008 99067 99068 97015 97015 97076 97078 99005 99007 99008 99066 99067 99068 99006 99005 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 01 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 Part of AFLP-fingerprint pattern for 13 garlic accessions (Chris Kik et al., G&H annual report, 2000)

20. Based on AFLP fingerprinting and one enzyme primer combination, the collection was subdivided into three distinct groups: Sativum, Longicuspis A and B. The groups differed considerably in AFLP variation: Thevariationwithin the Sativum group was significantly low compared to that in theLongicuspis groups.

21. 9% Longicuspis group A 15% Longicuspis group B 76% Sativum group AFLP fingerprinting assisted classification and separation of garlic accessions collected in Central Asia in 2000 (n=120). Chris Kik, A.Wvan Heusden, R Vrielink-van Ginkel andK. Burger-Meijer

22. Recent studies indicate that garlic species complex consists of five groups(Fritsch and Friesen, 2002): • Sativum • Longicuspis • Ophioscorodon • Subtropical • Pekinense

23. Missions to Central Asia in 200 and 2001, resulted in a collection of 241 accessions, including wild populations and land-races. Garlic clones vary in most vegetative characteristics (leaf number, bulb size and structure), as well as in floral scape elongation and inflorescence development. Genetic fingerprinting by means of AFLP markers revealed three distinct groups within this collection, differing in flowering ability and organo-S content. Field evaluation for flowering and other plant traits revealed distinct differences between populations of incomplete- and bolting plants.

25. Physiological parameters of bolting garlic (42 accessions) under Israeli environmental conditions Date of spathe breaking *T = mostly topsets; F = mostly flowers

26. Phenotypic variability • Garlic clones vary in most vegetative characteristics (leaf number, bulb size and structure), as well as in floral scape elongation and inflorescence development. Clear distinction was made betweensemi-bolting and bolting accessions. Most of the latter accessions produced flowers with fertile pollen and receptive stigma.

27. Missions to Central Asia in 200 and 2001, resulted in a collection of 241 accessions, including wild populations and land-races. Garlic clones vary in most vegetative characteristics (leaf number, bulb size and structure), as well as in floral scape elongation and inflorescence development. Genetic fingerprinting by means of AFLP markers revealed three distinct groups within this collection, differing in flowering ability and organo-S content. Aclear distinction was made between incomplete bolting and bolting populations; Wide variations were recorded with regard to differentiation of topsets, their size, number and rapidity of development.

28. Inflorescence performance mainly flower development mainly topset development

29. Missions to Central Asia in 200 and 2001, resulted in a collection of 241 accessions, including wild populations and land-races. Garlic clones vary in most vegetative characteristics (leaf number, bulb size and structure), as well as in floral scape elongation and inflorescence development. Genetic fingerprinting by means of AFLP markers revealed three distinct groups within this collection, differing in flowering ability and organo-S content. Aclear distinction was made between incomplete bolting and bolting populations; Wide variations were recorded with regard to differentiation of topsets, their size, number and rapidity of development. Significant variation in organo-S compounds (alliin, isoalliin, allicin and related dipeptides) was found within garlic collections and between plantsgrown under differing environmental conditions.

30. Raw material: Samples raised in the Netherlands and Israel. Procedure: HPLC-UVanalyses. Jacques Auger and Ingrid Arnault

31. Individuals (axes F1 and F2 : 84 %) 2,0 1,5 L/B L/A L/B S 1,0 L/A L/A 0,5 S S L/A 0 S L/B -0,5 -- axis F2 (24 %) --> S -1,0 L/B S -1,5 -2,0 L/B -2,5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 -- axis F1 (59 %) --> Principal Component Analysis based on the variation of five organo-S compounds for 15 garlic accessions. Bulbs were collected in Central Asia in 2000 and grown in Holland in 2001/2002. Measurements were made in September, on mature, freshly harvested bulbs of the Sativum (S), and Longicuspis A (L/A) and Longicuspis B (L/B) subgoups.

32. Effect of origin on organo-S compounds in six garlic accessions grown in parallel in Holland and Israel

33. Results: 1) Within the collection,alarge quantitative variation in organo-sulphur compounds:alliin, isoalliin, allicin, andrelated dipeptides was found. 2) Environmental effects were evident. Jacques Auger and Ingrid Arnault

34. Main Goal: Evaluation of the collected accessions and construction of the representative core collection Evaluation and construction of the data base necessary for core collection Mission completed

35. Workpackage1: Genetic Resources Objective 3 Screening for fertility;

36. Flowering performance of the garlic collection-2000 in the 2001 and 2002 seasons % 4 10 100 Dead* 80 56 49 Non bolters 60 Semi bolters 34 37 40 Bolters T>F 20 27 25 Bolters F>T 0 2001 2002 Growing season *Under Israeli conditions plants did not bulb and died at the end of the season T = mostly topsets; F = mostly flowers

38. Publications: • Kamenetsky R, London Shafir I., Baizerman M, Khassanov F, Kik C. and H.D. Rabinowitch Garlic (Allium sativum L.) and its wild relatives from Central Asia: evaluation for fertility potential . XXVIth International Horticultural Congress, Toronto, Canada (In press). • Kamenetsky R, London Shafir I., Khassanov F, Kik C, J. Auger and H.D. Rabinowitch Garlic from Central Asia: genetic resources and fertility potential. 4th International Symposium on Edible Alliaceae (to be presented in China) • Kamenetsky, R., London Shafir, I., Khassanov, F., Kik, C., van Heusden, A.W., Vrielink-van Ginkel, M., Burger-Meijer, K., Auger, J., Arnault, I. and H.D. Rabinowitch Diversity in fertility potential and organo-sulphur compounds among garlics from Central Asia. J. Biodiversity Conservation (In press).