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Respiration

Learn about the process of respiration, from the uptake of oxygen to the release of carbon dioxide. Explore different methods of animal respiration, including the use of cell membranes, outer cells, the skin, and specialized organs. Discover the structure and function of the respiratory system in humans, including the nasal cavities, trachea, bronchi, and alveoli. Understand common respiratory diseases, such as chronic bronchitis and emphysema, and how they affect breathing.

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Respiration

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  1. Respiration

  2. Asthma TreatmentIn The News

  3. Respiration • Take up of oxygen from environment • Release of carbon dioxide • Respiratory gasses move across respiratory surfaces by diffusion

  4. Methods of Animal Respiration • Over cell & skin surfaces • Cell membrane • Outer layer of cells • Skin • Use of special organs • Tracheal system • Gills • lungs

  5. Respiration Using Cell Membranes • Used by bacteria & protists

  6. Respiration Using Outer Cells • Used by sponges, corals, jellyfish & worms

  7. Respiration Using the Skin • Used by amphibians & some other vertebrates

  8. Respiration Using a Tracheal System • Used by insects & some spiders

  9. Tracheal system • Opens to the environment at spiracle • Series of tubes transports air to cells

  10. Respiration Using Gills • Used by large aquatic organisms

  11. Gills • Oxygen flows from water to blood • Possible because of countercurrent flow

  12. Respiration Using Lungs • Used by mammals & other large land animals

  13. General Lung Structure • Microscopic air sacs • Many blood vessels • Moist membranes allow gas diffusion • Oxygen into blood • Carbon dioxide out of blood

  14. Animal Lung Variation • Frogs • Gulp air • Pump air into lungs • Birds • Air sacs in addition to lungs

  15. Human Respiration • Breathing = moving air in & out of lungs • Inspiration = taking air in • Expiration = expelling air • Average rate = 14-20 breaths per minute

  16. Organs of the Respiratory System • Nasal cavities • Pharynx • Larynx • Trachea • Bronchi • Alveoli

  17. Nasal Cavities • Air enters nostrils • Hairs filter particles • Air is warmed & moistened • Moist, mucous secreting epithelium (moistens air, helps trap dust & dirt) covered in cilia

  18. Pharynx • Begins behind nasal cavities • Extends to epiglottis • Passageway for air & food

  19. Larynx • Cartilaginous box • Contains vocal cords • Only carries air

  20. Trachea • Windpipe • Tube enforced with cartilage

  21. Bronchi • Branches at end of trachea • Enters lungs • Continues to branch • Primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, … • Ends in respiratory bronchioles • Alveoli at end of respiratory bronchiole

  22. Alveoli • Region of gas exchange • Air on one side, blood capillaries on other

  23. Particle Filtration • Particles are trapped in mucus • Cilia sweep out particles

  24. Air Flow in Lungs • Air flows due to pressure differences • Low pressure causes air to flow in • High pressure forces air out • Muscles cause pressure differences • Diaphragm • Intercostal muscles • external – quiet breathing ( expiration a passive process) • internal – deep breathing (expiration an active process)

  25. Inspiration • Muscles increase volume of thoracic cavity • Lungs expand to decrease pressure inside • Air flows into lungs

  26. Expiration • Stretch receptors activated by expanded lung • Muscles relax • Thoracic volume decreases • Air is forced out

  27. Lung Volumes • Tidal volume • Air exchanged per breath • About 500 ml • 350 ml reaches alveoli • Not all air is exchanged with each breath • Residual air

  28. Gas Transport to Cells • Circulatory system transports gasses

  29. External Respiration • Oxygen & carbon dioxide exchanged • Exchange works due to diffusion • Gasses move from high to low concentration

  30. Gas Travel in the Blood • Oxygen • 98.5% attaches to hemoglobin on red blood cells • 1.5% dissolves in plasma • Carbon dioxide • 25% carried on red blood cells • 6% dissolved in blood • 69% carried in plasma as bicarbonate ions

  31. Internal Respiration • Exchange of gasses by body tissue • Works by diffusion

  32. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) • Disorders that block airways & impair breathing • Fourth leading cause of death • Common examples • Chronic bronchitis • Emphysema

  33. Chronic Bronchitis • Inflammation of bronchi & bronchioles • Primary cause is cigarette smoking • Paralyzes epithelial cells • Particles are not removed • Infections are common

  34. Emphysema • Lungs lose elasticity • Must work to exhale

  35. Unblocking Airways • Abdominal thrusts can dislodge blockage

  36. End chapter 29

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