Sprayers

1. TSM 330 Agricultural Machinery & Power Equipment Sprayers

2. Personnel Protection During Spraying • Avoid inhalation of pesticide vapors or dust; • Avoid skin contact. If contact occurs, wash with copious amounts of water (check safety directions on label first); • Do not eat, drink or smoke; • Manage spray drift by carefully assessing wind direction and strength. Never spray in high winds, assess for weather conditions, and stop spraying if weather conditions deteriorate; Avoid, as far as practicable, pesticide run-off to ensure that adjacent properties, persons, flora, fauna and waterways are not affected; • Take steps to ensure the safety of occupants or users of treated facilities, buildings or areas (eg. glass houses, grain storage areas); • If you feel ill, or start developing symptoms, stop work and seek medical attention; • Do not use your mouth to blow or suck pipes or nozzles to clear them. • Do Spray Cab satisfy PPE requirements? ASAE S525

3. Responsibilities during spraying • Protection during applications -- Applicators are prohibited from applying a pesticide in a way that will expose workers or other persons. Workers are excluded from areas while pesticides are being applied. • Restricted-entry intervals -- Restricted-entry intervals must be specified on all agricultural plant pesticide product labels. Workers are excluded from entering a pesticide-treated area during the restricted-entry interval, with only narrow exceptions. • Personal protective equipment -- Personal protective equipment must be provided and maintained for handlers and early-entry workers. • Notification to workers -- Workers must be notified about treated areas so they may avoid inadvertent exposures. • Decontamination supplies -- Handlers and workers must have an ample supply of water, soap, and towels for routine washing and emergency decontamination. • Emergency assistance -- Transportation must be made available to a medical care facility if a worker or handler may have been poisoned or injured. Information must be provided about the pesticide to which the person may have been exposed. • Pesticides safety training and safety posters -- Training is required for all workers and handlers, and a pesticide safety poster must be displayed. • Access to labeling and site-specific information -- Handlers and workers must be informed of pesticide label requirements. Central posting of  recent pesticide applications is required.

4. Spraying Safety • Spraying drift • water sources • occupied buildings • public roads • Schools • public amenities • Livestock • crops and pasture

5. Spraying Safety Control of risks to other people at or near the workplace • Do not allow others, including children, in the vicinity of the areas where pesticides are being sprayed or mixed; • Provide copies of material safety data sheets (MSDS) to other people working at the workplace, if requested; • Pesticides must be kept away from children. Keep vehicles carrying chemicals locked or supervised at all times; • After the application of pesticides, make sure that residues are not left on surfaces or suspended in the air so that other persons will not come into contact with pesticide residues; and • Do not allow spray drift risks. • Notify neighbors prior to the commencement of spraying if there is a risk of spray drift. This advice should include the: • type of pesticide to be sprayed; • time of spraying; • area to be sprayed; • re-entry period; and • hazards and risks associated with the chemicals to be used.

6. Spraying Safety Re-entry periods • Field must not be re-entered by unprotected persons after the application of a chemical on a crop. • Look to see if the re-entry period is on the label. • Where no re-entry period is stated, a minimum of 24 hours should be observed or until the chemical has dried upon the crop, whichever is the later (subject to the risk assessment), unless appropriate PPE is provided and worn as intended. • Even after the re-entry period has been observed, some PPE may be necessary. Appropriate PPE should be indicated by the risk assessment. • PPE – Personnel Protection Equipment

7. Processes involved in (agricultural) spraying Influences (Pesticide) selection Secondary effects Formulation losses Physical properties, operating conditions Atomisation drift Atmospheric and operating conditions Transport to target evaporation Spray and surface properties Impaction

8. Processes involved in (agricultural) spraying Secondary effects Influences evaporation losses Spray and surface properties Impaction reflection Atmospheric conditions retention dynamic spreading Deposit formation drying static spreading losses Deposit and surface properties Movement in/on plant redistribution weathering Atmospheric conditions uptake surface activity Biological effect

9. Typical Sprayer Function • Pest and Weed Control • Utilize water as material carrier • Typically operate at less than 100psi • Typical hardware includes: • Tanks • Filters • Pumps • Transfer system – plumbing • Nozzles

10. Field sprayers (schematic layout) • Tank • Pump • Pressure controller • Valves • Spray boom • Pipes, hoses • Nozzle holder • Nozzle

11. Sprayer Considerations • Self-propelled or not • Tractor mount • Boom with nozzles or boomless type • Durability of booms • Sprayer control, manual, hyd., electronic, automatic. • Component material, durability • Pump types • Pump Capacities • Tank size and construction • Operator protection

12. Sprayer – Field Crops

13. Sprayers - Vineyard • 300 Gallon 304 Stainless Steel tank • 26 GPM / 600 PSI Comet® Diaphragm Pump (model APS 101) • 2-Speed gearbox with neutral • 304 Stainless Steel mechanical agitation • Stainless Steel filter screens (fill, suction, delivery)) • Over The Row Vineyard Tower • Spraying Systems Teejet® Ceramic nozzles • PTO shaft with constant velocity joint • 32” 7-blade axial flow steel fan • 7.50 X 20 8-ply ribbed implement tires

14. Tractor type spray systems • Front mounted tank • Saddle tanks • 3pt mounted • Pull sprayer

15. Sprayers - Orchard

16. Sprayers - Orchard

17. Sprayers - Orchard • 1000 Gallon 304 Stainless Steel tank • 8.1L, 6081H, 300 Horsepower John Deere Diesel engine • Twin Disc® PTO clutch • 125 Gallon fuel capacity saddle tanks • Myers® 2-stage 100 GPM, 200 PSI centrifugal pump

18. Spraying – Arial

19. Spraying – Tanks • Steel • Rust • Plastic/Poly • Excellent material resistance • Extensive shapes and sizes • Low cost • Light weight • Stainless • Excellent material resistance • Durable • High cost

20. Pumps Types of Pumps: • Gear • Impeller • Piston • Roller • Centrifugal Converts rotation power into pressure and flow

21. Pump - Gear • Good pressure capacity • Positive displacement • Abrasive materials will decrease flow • Will not tend to have catastrophic failure • Low cost

22. Pumps - Roller • Medium flow • Medium pressure • Low wear rate • Easily repaired

23. Pumps - Diaphragm • Diaphragm pumps are the most common positive displacement pumps used in agricultural applications.. • Major advantage of diaphragm pumps is that the pumped liquid does not come into contact with most of the working parts of the pump. • Suitable for pumping corrosive liquids • field calibration while pumping against a pressurized system is required for accurate calibration. However, diaphragm pumps are made to be adjustable while operating, which makes the process of calibration easier. • Diaphragm pumps can be run dry • Shutoff valves, responding to high pressure on the discharge side, should be installed on the suction side of the pump.

24. Pumps - Piston • High pressure • Moderate flows • Usually multiple piston to reduce pulsing effects • Can have excellent wear capability depending on component material

25. Pumps - Centrifugal • High flow rate • Moderate pressure • Excellent for abrasive particles • Not self priming • High RPM’s required • Can dead head without pump damage

26. Nozzle selection • Flow rate (capacity) • Operating pressure • Spray pattern • Spray angle • Liquid to be sprayed • Quality of atomisation • Material of manufacture

27. Amount of spray applied Uniformity of the spray Coverage on the target Amount of off-target drift Why is the Nozzle Important?

28. Methods of liquid atomisation • Nozzles • Flat fan • Even flat fan • Flooding fan • Hollow cone • Full cone • Pneumatic • Controlled Droplet Applicator (CDA)

29. Functions of a nozzle • Control of liquid flow • Atomisation of liquid into droplets • Dispersal of droplets in a specific pattern • Generation of a hydraulic momentum or impact

30. Methods of liquid atomisation - Nozzles 01 015 02 03 04 05 06 08 Indication for flow at reference pressure NO relation with droplet spectrum Was 0.4 US gallon/min at 2.8 bar Was 0.4 US gallon/min at 2.8 bar (40 psi) Becomes 1.6 l/min at 3.0 bar (43 psi)

31. Methods of liquid atomisation - Nozzles

32. 30 Aluminum Brass FLOW INCREASE (%) 15 Stainless steel Nylon Hardened Stainless steel Ceramic 0 25 50 0 TIME (HOURS) Wear rate of various materials

33. Qn = A∙S∙wQn – Nozzle Flow Rate, gal/min A – Application Rate, gal/acre S – Velocity, mi/hr w – nozzle spacing, ft Equations

34. R = Sr∙AI∙Ar/S∙wR – Rate, lb∙AI/acre AI – Active Ingredient, lb/gal Sr – Concentration Ratio, AI Solution Volume/Total Tank Volume, gal/gal Ar – Application Rate, gal/min S – Velocity, mi/hr w – nozzle spacing, ft Equations