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Evolutionary Journey of Chordates: From Ancestral Deutero-Stomes to Modern Primates

Explore the evolutionary history of chordates, from ancestral deuterostomes to modern primates. Study the development of notochords, nerve cords, muscle segments, and diverse species like tunicates, lampreys, lungfishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.

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Evolutionary Journey of Chordates: From Ancestral Deutero-Stomes to Modern Primates

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  1. Dorsal, hollow nerve cord Muscle segments Fig. 34-3 Notochord Mouth Anus Pharyngeal slits or clefts Muscular, post-anal tail

  2. Cirri 2 cm Mouth Fig. 34-4 Pharyngeal slits Atrium Notochord Digestive tract Atriopore Dorsal, hollow nerve cord Segmental muscles Anus Tail

  3. Incurrent siphon to mouth Water flow Notochord Fig. 34-5 Dorsal, hollow nerve cord Excurrent siphon Tail Excurrent siphon Excurrent siphon Atrium Muscle segments Incurrent siphon Pharynx with slits Intestine Anus Stomach Intestine Tunic Atrium Esophagus Pharynx with slits Stomach An adult tunicate A tunicate larva

  4. Echinodermata (sister group to chordates) Cephalochordata (lancelets) ANCESTRAL DEUTERO- STOME Chordates Urochordata (tunicates) Notochord Myxini (hagfishes) Common ancestor of chordates Fig. 34-2 Craniates Petromyzontida (lampreys) Head Vertebrates Chondrichthyes (sharks, rays, chimaeras) Vertebral column Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) Gnathostomes Jaws, mineralized skeleton Actinistia (coelacanths) Osteichthyans Lungs or lung derivatives Lobe-fins Dipnoi (lungfishes) Lobed fins Amphibia (frogs, salamanders) Tetrapods Reptilia (turtles, snakes, crocodiles, birds) Legs Amniotes Amniotic egg Mammalia (mammals) Milk

  5. (a) Yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) Fig. 34-17 (b) Clownfish (Amphiprion ocellaris) (d) Fine-spotted moray eel (Gymnothorax dovii) (c) Sea horse (Hippocampus      ramulosus)

  6. (a) Order Urodela Fig. 34-21 (b) Order Anura (c) Order Apoda

  7. (a) Tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus) Fig. 34-27 (b) Australian thorny devil lizard (Moloch horridus) (c) Wagler’s pit viper (Tropidolaemus wagleri) (d)Eastern box turtle (Terrapenecarolinacarolina) (e) American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis)

  8. (a) Emu Fig. 34-30 (b) Mallards (c) Laysan albatrosses (d) Barn swallows

  9. Fig. 34-35b

  10. (a) Gibbon (b) Orangutan (c) Gorilla Fig. 34-39 (d) Chimpanzees (e) Bonobos

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