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Padua in the Exploration of the Universe

Padua in the Exploration of the Universe. Cesare Barbieri Department of Astronomy University of Padua 23 September 1999 Conference held on the occasion of the 31-st Annual Meeting of the Division for Planetary Sciences of the American Astronomical Society. Introduction.

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Padua in the Exploration of the Universe

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  1. Paduain the Exploration of the Universe Cesare Barbieri Department of Astronomy University of Padua 23 September 1999 Conference held on the occasion of the 31-st Annual Meeting of the Division for Planetary Sciences of the American Astronomical Society

  2. Introduction The aim of this conference is to provide a short history of the astronomical studies in Padua, and a brief (and necessarily incomplete) account of the present situation and foreseeable developments. I wish to thank the many colleagues who helped with the documentation. Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999

  3. Index • A brief history up to 1950 • The modern epoch: Giuseppe Colombo, Leonida Rosino , Nicolo’ Dallaporta • Italy joins ESA and ESO • Observations, theories, space missions • Cerenkov light, gravitational waves • A panoramic on the future • Conclusions • To know more Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999

  4. Old Padua XVII Century Padua: • City • University, Astronomical Observatory, Research Institutes • Accademia de’ Ricovrati (1599)  Accademia Galileiana Patavina di Scienze Lettere e Arti • Bishops, Colleges • …... Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999

  5. A Brief History - 1 • Pietro d’Abano (c. 1250 - c.1315) teaching of the ptolemaic system • Giovanni Dondi dall’Orologio (1318 - 1389) the astrarium: a mechanical model of the ptolemaic system Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999

  6. A Brief History - 2 Galileo Galilei in Padua (1592 - 1610) Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999

  7. A Brief History - 3 • L’Accademia de’ Ricovrati (1599) (Accademia Galileiana Patavina di Scienze Lettere e Arti) • Geminiano Montanari (1633 - 1687) Comet Halley • St. Gregorio Barbarigo (1625 - 1697) the professors the Specola of the Seminario the printing house the laboratory of physics Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999

  8. A Brief History - 4 • Giuseppe Toaldo (1719 -1797) the Specola (decree of the Republic of Venice, 1761), meteorology, (extra-solar planets) • Giovanni Santini (1787 - 1877) cometary orbits, Cataloghi Padovani of stellar positions, Lezioni of Astronomy and Optics • Giuseppe Lorenzoni (1843 - 1914) astronomical photometry and spectroscopy, geodesy Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999

  9. The Specola of Padua (1767) Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999

  10. A Brief History - 5 The Mathematicians • Gregorio Ricci Curbastro (1853 - 1925) • Tullio Levi Civita (1873 - 1941) Tensor Calculus and General Relativity Mechanics Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999

  11. A Brief History - 6 Bruno Rossi (1905 - 1993)Antonio Rostagni (1904-1988) • The Institute of Physics (1938) • The East - West asymmetry of cosmic rays • Cosmic rays observations using balloons Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999

  12. A Brief History - 7Giovanni Silva(1882 - 1957)The Astrophysical Observatory of Asiago (1942) Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999

  13. A Brief History - 8Geodetic Astronomy • the polar motion and the International Latitude Service • the contribution to the Carloforte station (founded in 1899): Ciscato, Bianchi • Soler, Boaga, Tomelleri G. Ciscato E. Soler, Rector Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999

  14. The Modern Epoch • Giuseppe Colombo • Leonida Rosino • Nicolo’ Dallaporta • Italy joins the European Space Agency and the European Southern Observatory • The space telescopes, the Center for Space Activities (CISAS) • Cerenkov light and gravitational Waves Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999

  15. Giuseppe Colombo(1920 - 1984) • Celestial Mechanics, rotation of Mercury, space navigation • the GIOTTO mission and the InterAgency Consultative Group • space geodesy Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999

  16. Leonida Rosino (1915 - 1997) • The Schmidt telescopes and the Cima Ekar Observatory • variable stars, Novae and Supernovae • open and globular clusters • diffuse and planetary nebulae • the Corso di Laurea in Astronomy Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999

  17. Nicolo’ Dallaporta • Evolution of the Solar System, Stars and Galaxies • General Relativity • Theoretical Cosmology • The Anthropic Principle • Science, Metaphysics, Faith Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999

  18. Telescopes and their Instrumentation, Observations, Theories and Models, Space Missions Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999

  19. The Observing Station L. Rosino at Cima Ekar Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999

  20. The 3.5 m National Telescope Galileo (TNG): Active Optics Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999

  21. Speckle mode K-band, FWHM = 0”.35 The TNG - Adaptive Optics Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999

  22. Detectors, Instrumentation,Controls, Data Archives • Image Intensifiers, photon counters, solid state devices, … • OIG (the visual camera for the TNG), SARG (the high resolution spectrograph for the TNG) • Data archives: Guide Star Catalogue II, ... From the first CCD for the 182 cm (1984) to the OIG TNG (1998) SARG and a first comparison spectrum Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999

  23. Searching for meteorites in Antarctica Solar System - 1 • Meteorites • Lunar Sodium • Asteroids and Comets Iron meteorite Acqueous Alteration in the spectra of asteroids H2O+ in Kohoutek comet Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999

  24. Na cloud around Io Na tail in cometHale-Bopp Pluto - Astrometry and HST-FOC image Solar System - 2 • Sodium in the Giovian system and in comets • Pluto Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999

  25. at 105 years at 106 years Solar System - 3 Formation models of planetesimal accumulation and formation of planetary embryos in the terrestrial region Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999

  26. dynamical model of extra- solar planets on close orbits formation of planets around binary stars Gliese 623 - HST FOC Extra-solar Planets, Low Mass Stars Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999

  27. White Dwarfs Stellar Evolution - 1 The final destiny of stars depends on the initial mass of the central core Supernovae Abscissa: central temperature Ordinate: density Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999

  28. Stellar Evolution - 2 Open Clusters Evolution of the stars in an open cluster including the so-called overshooting process; the cluster turns out to be older than in previous theories. Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999

  29. The proper motions measured with HST permit to isolate the sequence of stars down to masses smaller than 0.1 Mo , namely down to the limit of the hydrogen burning reactions. Globular Clusters - 1 NGC 6397: the cluster with the smallest distance modulus Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999

  30. Globular Clusters - 2 Pal 1: the youngest globular cluster in the Milky Way (about 8 billion years) Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999

  31. The ages of the bulge and of the halo, both very old systems Globular Clusters - 3The Bulge-halo Connexion An H-R diagram in the near IR of the galactic bulge, down to stars of mass 0.15 Mo Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999

  32. M 57 with OIG at the TNG Planetary Nebulae H O III N II 3D Tomography in different spectral lines Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999

  33. Flare in the Pleiades Solar stars in nova GK Persei Simbiotic stars Variable Stars • Flare stars, binaries • Cataclismic variables, evolution and connexion with solar actvity • Simbiotic stars M57 - TNG Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999

  34. FH Ser 1970 25 years after the explosion Recurrent Nova RS Oph Novae • In the Milky Way • In M31 and in M33 Novae as extra-galactic distance indicators: absolute magnitude as function of the decline rate. Dashed line: theoretical track as function of the mass of the White Dwarf. Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999

  35. The VST, almost hidden among the 4 VLT, for the discovery of SNs The light-curve of SN-I Supernovae -1 Discovery and classification SN 19991 - The discovery with OIG-TNG Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999

  36. Supernovae - 2 Search of SNs Associated to Gamma Bursts Supernova 1998bw associated to the Gamma Burst GRB 980425 The discovery, the light curve, the spectum Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999

  37. Hubble diagram for nearby and distant SNs Distant SNs and the structure of the Universe, almost surely of low density, and in perennial expansion probably with a positive acceleration Discovery and spectum of a high redshift SN Supernovae - 3 The High Redshift SNs Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999

  38. Pulsar in the Crab Relativistic Astrophysics - 1SS 433 Pulsar in the Crab Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999

  39. NGC 4261 from ground from HST relativistic model of an accretion disc Relativistic Astrophysics - 2 The Structure of a Black Hole Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999

  40. Galaxies - 1 • Morphology, rotation curves, dark mass • Theoretical models of elliptical galaxies Growth of the apparent dimensions of M87 from 1932 to 1969 thanks to the improvements in image acquisition and analysis Tidal Effect of a dark halo Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999

  41. NGC 5128 Galaxies - 2 • Elliptical galaxies: halos, anisotropies, triaxiality • Counter-rotation between gas and stars Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999

  42. H-R diagram of a dwarf galaxy formed by stars of successive generations, of ages varying from 108 to 1.3x1010 years Stellar Populations in the Galaxies of the Local Group Phoenix, a nearby galaxy resolved in stars: the blue ones are young stars overimposed to an older population Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999

  43. Ellipticals Spirals Sa Spirals Sc Theoretical Synthesis of Spectra of Normal Galaxies Comparison between observations (upper lines) and theory (lower lines) Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999

  44. Active Galaxies: the Nuclear Region Optical jet of the Radiogalaxy (also a BL Lac) Pks 0521-365 from ground and space a) jet plus galaxy b) only jet compact emission at 0”.3 HST ESO -NTT Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999

  45. HST-FOC 4m Mayall Interaction among two galaxies. The HST image shows two nuclei resolved in a series of structures hosting an intense and rapid stellar formation. NGC 6240: An Active Galaxy with Violent Star Formation Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999

  46. Calibration of the extragalactic distance scale from the surface brightness of the clusters of galaxies Two Clusters of Galaxies at an Intermediate Redshift Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999

  47. Quasars Optical variability of 3C 345 The luminosity function of bright QSOs The Ly-alpha forest Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999

  48. The Formation of Cosmic Structures • Numerical Simulation of a large cluster of galaxies having a mass of 1015 Mo/H and a scale of 6 Megaparsec, made with a parallel supercomputer Cray T3E Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999

  49. Hubble diagram for a series of clusters of galaxies from the comparison of X-ray data and measures of the S-Z effect Comparison among the S-Z isophotes and the X-ray surface brightness The Sunyaev-Zeldovich Effect and the Hubble Constant H0 Direct measurement of the distance scale in the Universe Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999

  50. The Spectrum of the Extragalactic Background in the Far InfraRed The background radiation between 10 and 1000 micron is dominated by a population of galaxies strongly evolving with the cosmic time. Therefore the vision in the optical band of the primordial Universe is severely limited. Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999

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