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Chapter 5 & 6

Chapter 5 & 6. Sensation & Perception and States of Consciousness. Sensation. Sensation our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energy Perception organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events.

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Chapter 5 & 6

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  1. Chapter 5 & 6 Sensation & Perception and States of Consciousness

  2. Sensation • Sensation • our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energy • Perception • organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events

  3. Sensation

  4. Sensation • Bottom-Up Processing • analysis that begins with the sense receptors and works up to the brain’s integration of sensory information • Top-Down Processing • information processing guided by higher-level mental processes

  5. Sensation - Basic Principles • Psychophysics • study of the relationship between physical characteristics of stimuli and our psychological experience of them • Light- brightness • Sound- volume • Pressure- weight • Taste- sweetness

  6. Sensation - Thresholds • Absolute Threshold • minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time • Difference Threshold • minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50% of the time • just noticeable difference (JND)

  7. Perceptual Organization • Gestalt • tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes

  8. Perceptual Organization • Figure and Ground--organization of the visual field into objects (figures) that stand out from their surroundings (ground)

  9. Perceptual Organization- Gestalt • Grouping • the perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups • Grouping Principles • proximity--group nearby figures together • similarity--group figures that are similar • continuity--perceive continuous patterns • closure--fill in gaps • connectedness--spots, lines, and areas are seen as unit when connected

  10. Perceptual Organization- Closure

  11. Perceptual Organization- Grouping Principles • Gestalt grouping principles are at work here.

  12. Perceptual Interpretation • Perceptual Adaptation • (vision) ability to adjust to an artificially displaced visual field • prism glasses • Perceptual Set • a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another

  13. Perceptual Set- Schemas • What you see in the center is influenced by your perceptual set

  14. Waking Consciousness • Consciousness • our awareness of ourselves and our environments • Selective Attention • focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus

  15. Sleep and Dreams • Circadian Rhythm • the biological clock • regular bodily rhythms, such as of wakefulness and body temperature, that occur on a 24-hour cycle

  16. Sleep and Dreams • REM (Rapid Eye Movement) Sleep • recurring sleep stage • vivid dreams • “paradoxical sleep” • muscles are generally relaxed, but other body systems are active • Sleep • periodic, natural, reversible loss of consciousness

  17. Sleep Deprivation • Effects of Sleep Loss • fatigue • impaired concentration • depressed immune system • greater vulnerability to accidents

  18. Sleep Disorders • Insomnia • persistent problems in falling or staying asleep • Narcolepsy • uncontrollable sleep attacks • Sleep Apnea • temporary cessation of breathing during sleep • momentary reawakenings

  19. Night Terrors and Nightmares • Night Terrors • occur within 2 or 3 hours of falling asleep, usually during Stage 4 • high arousal - appearance of being terrified • seldom remembered

  20. Dreams: Freud • Sigmund Freud--The Interpretation of Dreams (1900) • wish fulfillment • discharge otherwise unacceptable feelings • Manifest Content • remembered story line • Latent Content • underlying meaning

  21. Dreams: Freud • Dreams • sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s mind • hallucinatory imagery • discontinuities • incongruities • delusional acceptance of the content • difficulties remembering

  22. Dreams • As Information Processing • helps facilitate memories • As a Physiological Function • periodic brain stimulation • REM Rebound • REM sleep increases following REM sleep deprivation

  23. Hypnosis • Hypnosis • a social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur

  24. Drugs and Consciousness • Psychoactive Drug • a chemical substance that alters perceptions and mood • Physical Dependence • physiological need for a drug • marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms • Psychological Dependence • a psychological need to use a drug • for example, to relieve negative emotions

  25. Psychoactive Drugs • Depressants • drugs that reduce neural activity • alcohol, barbiturates, opiates • slow body functions

  26. Psychoactive Drugs • Alcohol • affects motor skills, judgment, and memory • reduces self awareness • Barbiturates • drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgment

  27. Psychoactive Drugs • Opiates • opium and its derivatives (morphine and heroin) • opiates depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety • highly addictive

  28. Psychoactive Drugs • Stimulants • drugs that excite neural activity • caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, cocaine • speed up body functions

  29. Psychoactive Drugs • Amphetamines • drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes

  30. Psychoactive Drugs • Cocaine • effects depend on dosage, form, expectations, personality and situation • coca leaves • powder • crack

  31. Cocaine Euphoria and Crash

  32. Psychoactive Drugs • Ecstasy • MDMA (methylenedioxymethamphetamine) • stimulant and mild hallucinogen • dangerous short and long term effects

  33. Psychoactive Drugs • Hallucinogens • psychedelic (mind-manifesting) drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input • LSD • MDMA (Ecstasy)

  34. Psychoactive Drugs • LSD • lysergic acid diethylamide • a powerful hallucinogenic drug • also known as acid • THC • the major active ingredient in marijuana • triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations

  35. Psychoactive Drugs

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