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Taxonomy

Taxonomy. Chapter 17: Organizing Life’s Diversity. What is Taxonomy?. Discipline of classifying organisms and assigning each organism a universally accepted name . Why Classify?.

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Taxonomy

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  1. Taxonomy Chapter 17: Organizing Life’s Diversity

  2. What is Taxonomy? Discipline of classifying organisms and assigning each organism a universally accepted name.

  3. Why Classify? • To study the diversity of life, biologists use a classification system to name organisms and group them in a logical manner. • When taxonomists classify organisms, they organize them into groups that have biological significance.

  4. Common Names vs. Scientific Names • Common Names can be confusing one organism can have many different names • The Cougar is also known as a: Puma, Mountain Lion or Catamount • Each organism only has ONE scientific name (species name) • No matter where you are in the world the Cougar is Felisconcolor

  5. Assigning Scientific Names • Aristotle was a Greek philosopher who was the first to classify or group living things. • He classified organisms into two groups: • Plants and Animals • He subdivided those groups as well. • Plants were subdivided into: Herbs, Shrubs and Trees • Animals were subdivided based on their habitat and physical characteristics

  6. Assigning Scientific Names • A Swedish botanist named Carolus Linnaeus developed Binomial Nomenclature, a two-word naming system for naming all species on earth. • It is based on physical and structural similarities • Still used today

  7. Why does everything have a weird name in Biology? Everything in science is named using Latin. Why? Latin is a dead language and won’t changemeanings with slang or invention. “That is SO gay!!!” Example: Merriam Webster Dictionary definition: Gay– (gA) adjective; 1 a: happily excited : MERRY <in a gay mood> b: keenly alive and exuberant : having or inducing high spirits <a bird's gay spring song>2 a: BRIGHT, LIVELY <gay sunny meadows> b: brilliant in color

  8. 4 Reasons for using Latin • dead language and will not change • not misleading like a common name • more descriptive • basis for many other languages; English, French, Spanish, Italian and Portuguese

  9. BinomialNomenclature • Each organism has a name consisting of two words Examples: Homosapiens Tyto alba Common Name: Human Common Name: Barn Owl

  10. BinomialNomenclature Homosapiens Tyto alba The first part of the scientific name is the genus. This word is always written first and the first letter is capitalized. It appears in italics or is underlined.

  11. Binomial Nomenclature Homosapiens Tyto alba The second part of the scientific name is the specific epithet or species name. This word is always written second and the first letter is lower-case. It appears in italics or is underlined.

  12. The 8 Levels of Classification They are, from largest to smallest • Domain(this is a relatively new level separates Archaea, Bacteria and Eukaryota) • Kingdom(separates plants from animals) • Phylum(separates into major groups within the Kingdom; plural: phyla) • Class(breaks Phyla down into smaller groups) • Order(even more specific) • Family(very similar characteristics) • Genus(reproductive grouping) • Species(most specific)

  13. Did King Species Genus Phillip Family Come Order Over Class For Phylum Good Kingdom Soup Domain

  14. 8 levels of Classification Youvs. Barn Owl

  15. THINKINGCRITICALLY

  16. THINKING CRITICALLY Animal; insect • What are the kingdom and class of Muscadomestica? • From the table, which 2 animals are most closely related? 3. At what classification level does the evolutionary relationship between cats and wolves diverge (become different)? Cat and Wolf Family Level

  17. EVOLUTIONARY CLASSIFICATION • Biologists group organisms into categories that represent lines of evolutionary descent, or phylogeny, not just physical similarities. • Define Phylogeny: The study of evolutionary relationships among organisms.

  18. Classification using Cladograms Cladogramsare diagrams that use derived characteristics to illustrate evolutionary relationships. Definition of Clade: A group of organisms, such as a species, whose members share homologous features derived from a common ancestor.

  19. EVOLUTIONARY CLASSIFICATION B C A D E F Clade or lineage TIME Speciation: formation of two new species from one

  20. Classification using Cladograms The cladogram on the next slide shows the evolutionary relationship among several vertebrates.

  21. Lizard Mouse Fish Hagfish Frog Pigeon Feathers Claws or Nails Lungs Jaws CLADOGRAM Chimp Fur & Mammary Glands

  22. Cladogram “Mini-Lab”

  23. Using a Cladogram to Show Relationships Procedure • The following table shows the presence or absence of six derived traits in the seven dinosaurs that are labeled A - G. • Use the information listed in the table below to answer the following questions.

  24. Using a Cladogram to Show Relationships

  25. ANALYSIS1. ClassifyComplete the missing information on the right side of the partially completed cladogram. A B C D E F G Three-Toed Hind Foot 6 2 5 Grasping Hand 2 4 1

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