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Taxonomy:

Taxonomy:. The Classification of Organisms. How Do We Classify?. Three methods have been used: Traditional classification – groups based on physical similarities Evolutionary classification – groups based on evolutionary history

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Taxonomy:

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  1. Taxonomy: The Classification of Organisms

  2. How Do We Classify? • Three methods have been used: • Traditional classification – groups based on physical similarities • Evolutionary classification – groups based on evolutionary history • Molecular classification – groups based on similarities in DNA or RNA

  3. Appendages Conical Shells Crustaceans Gastropod Crab Crab Limpet Limpet Barnacle Barnacle Molted exoskeleton Segmentation Tiny free-swimming larva TRADITIONAL CLASSIFICATION EVOLUTIONARY CLASSIFICATION

  4. Taxonomic Categories (Taxon) • Domain (Do) • Kingdom (Keep) • Phylum (Police) • Class (Cars) • Order (Off) • Family (Florida’s) • Genus (Great) • Species (Streets)

  5. Which is the most inclusive taxon? Grizzly bear Black bear Giant panda Red fox Abert squirrel Coral snake Sea star KINGDOM Animalia PHYLUM Chordata CLASS Mammalia ORDER Carnivora FAMILY Ursidae GENUS Ursus SPECIES Ursus arctos Taxon = each level of organization Which is the least inclusive taxon?

  6. 3 Domains • Bacteria • Archaea • Eukarya

  7. DOMAIN ARCHAEA DOMAIN EUKARYA Kingdoms Eubacteria Archaebacteria Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia DOMAIN BACTERIA The Domains & Kingdoms

  8. Two types of cells:Eukaryotes & Prokaryotes • Prokaryotes:(Domains Archaea and Bacteria) • All are unicellular • No membrane-bound organelles • DNA located in the cytoplasm (NO nucleus) • Eukaryotes (Domain Eukarya) • Multicellular or unicellular • Have membrane-bound organelles • DNA located in the nucleus

  9. 6 Kingdoms • Eubacteria---- E.coli • Archaebacteria.. Live in extreme environments • Protista--- Amoeba sp. • Fungi---- Morrels • Plantae---- Pinus ponderosa • Animalia---- Homo sapiens

  10. The Domains & Kingdoms DOMAIN BACTERIA: • Eubacteria – ex: E.coli DOMAIN ARCHAEA: • Archaebacteria – ex: “extreme bacteria” DOMAIN EUKARYA: • Protista – ex: Amoeba sp. • Fungi – ex: Morel mushrooms • Plantae – ex: Pinus ponderosa • Animalia – ex: Homo sapiens

  11. Heterotrophs & Autotrophs • Autotrophs = organisms that make their own food from sunlight or chemicals • All plants • Some bacteria, some protists (algae) • Heterotrophs = organisms that rely on other organisms for their food supply • All fungi, all animals • Some bacteria, some protists (Amoeba sp.)

  12. Bacteria Archaea Eukarya There are two types of cells in this world: PROKARYOTES EUKARYOTES The Three Domains

  13. Domain … Kingdom … Phylum … Class … Order … Family … Genus (genera) … Species … Eukarya Animalia Chordata Mammalia Carnivora Ursidae Ursus Ursus arctos The Taxonomic Categories

  14. Review • The classification of organisms is called … • What is the difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes? • An organism that make their own food using sunlight or chemicals is a(n)______. • An organism that relies on other organisms for their food source is ________________. • List the eight taxonomic categories, from most inclusive to least inclusive. • Which domain(s) include the prokaryotes? • The six kingdoms are …… • The kingdom that only includes eukaryotic autotrophs is …

  15. Review • What type of classification is based on physical characteristics? • What is the difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes? • An organism that makes its own food using sunlight or chemicals is a(n) ________________. • An organism that relies on other organisms for their food source is a(n)________________. • List the eight taxonomic categories, from most inclusive to least inclusive. • Which domain(s) include the prokaryotes? • The six kingdoms are … • The kingdom that only includes eukaryotic autotrophs is …

  16. Classification of Living Things DOMAIN KINGDOM CELL TYPE CELL STRUCTURES NUMBER OF CELLS MODE OF NUTRITION EXAMPLES Bacteria Eubacteria Prokaryote Cell walls with peptidoglycan Unicellular Autotroph or heterotroph Streptococcus, Escherichia coli Archaea Archaebacteria Prokaryote Cell walls without peptidoglycan Unicellular Autotroph or heterotroph Methanogens, halophiles Protista Eukaryote Cell walls of cellulose in some; some have chloroplasts Most unicellular; some colonial; some multicellular Autotroph or heterotroph Amoeba, Paramecium, slime molds, giant kelp Fungi Eukaryote Cell walls of chitin Most multicellular; some unicellular Heterotroph Mushrooms, yeasts Eukarya Plantae Eukaryote Cell walls of cellulose; chloroplasts Multicellular Autotroph Mosses, ferns, flowering plants Animalia Eukaryote No cell walls or chloroplasts Multicellular Heterotroph Sponges, worms, insects, fishes, mammals Figure 18-12, p. 459

  17. What is the main difference between the domains Bacteria & Archaea? • Which domain includes only eukaryotes? • Which kingdom includes only organisms without cell walls? • Which kingdom includes Amoeba and Paramecium? • Which two kingdoms include heterotrophs? • Which kingdom includes halophiles (and thermophiles)? • Which kingdom includes organisms that all have chloroplasts?

  18. Grizzly Spider Polar Corn Bear Monkey Bear Kingdom Plantea Animalia Animalia Animalia Phylum Anthophyta Chordata Chordata Chordata Class Monocotyledones Mammalia Mammalia Mammalia Order Commelinales Carnivora Primates Carnivora Family Poaceae Ursidae Atelidae Ursidae Genus Zea Ursus Ateles Ursus Species Zea mays Ursus arctos Ateles Ursus paniscus maritimus

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