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Rome from Aeneas to Octavius: Rise and Fall of the Republic

Explore the rich history of the Roman Republic from its legendary beginnings with Aeneas in 753 BCE to the birth of Gaius Octavius in 63 BCE. Witness the conquests, political struggles, and wars that shaped Rome's destiny, including the Punic Wars, Social War, and the rise of warlords like Caesar and Pompey. Delve into the intrigues of figures like Marius, Sulla, and Cicero as they vie for power and control of the Republic, leading to its ultimate demise. This chronological survey provides a comprehensive overview of an era marked by ambition, conflict, and the quest for supremacy.

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Rome from Aeneas to Octavius: Rise and Fall of the Republic

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  1. Age of Augustus Chronological Survey of the Roman Republic, 753-63 BCE

  2. Conquest of Italy: from Aeneas to the defeat of Carthage • Aeneid: Aeneas and the Trojan War (traditionally dated to 1186 BCE) • 753: Romulus & Remus (April 21st, Parilia) • 510/509: Brutus overthrows Etruscan rex (“king”) and establishes res publica (“republic”) • 300: conquest of Italy, including first road and aqueduct (312: Via Appia, Aqua Appia) • 287: concordia ordinum (“harmony of the orders”) • patricians (patricii) and plebeians (plebes) • 202: 1st, 2nd Punic Wars (264-202): conquest of Sicily: Scipio Africanus vs. Hannibal

  3. Conquest of Mediterranean • 196: “liberation” of Greece • 167: conquest of Achaia, Greece • 146: destruction of Corinth (Greece) and Carthage (Libya) – Marcus Porcius Cato’s Carthago delenda est (“Carthage must be destroyed”) • 133: conquest of Spain by Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus • 133: Attalus III of Pergamum bequeaths kingdom to Rome

  4. The rise of warlords • 133: socio-economic revolution: Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus and Gaius Gracchus • Gracchi (optimates – appeal to aristocratic rule) cater to the masses (populares – appeal to popular support) • 107-87: Gaius Marius: growth of professional army and rise of populares • 91-89: Social War – for civitas (“citizenship”) in Italy • 89-65: wars against Mithridates VI of Pontus (Black Sea) • 90-78: Lucius Cornelius Sulla: return to power of optimates

  5. Sullanum Regnum • 88: Sulla seizes Rome; Marius seizes Rome (87: Marius dies) • 86: Sulla sacks Athens • 82: Sulla seizes Rome again, is proclaimed dictator rei publicae constituendae causa (“dictator charged with establishing the Republic”) and purges opponents (proscriptions)

  6. The beginning of the end • Contenders for control of the Republic: • 84-53: Marcus Licinius Crassus (71: ends Spartacus’ slave revolt; 53: killed by the Parthians at Battle of Carrhae and loses legionary standards) • 78-44: Gaius Iulius Caesar (58-51: pacifies Gaul) • 70-48: Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (67: “Pompey the Great” defeats the pirates) • 70-43: Marcus Tullius Cicero (43: killed by Antony’s troops) • 63: Catilinarian Conspiracy (L. Sergius Catilina; Cicero’s senatus consultum ultimum) • 63: birth of Gaius Octavius

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