Chapter 16: Transformations In Europe: Cultures and Ideas- The Protestant Reformation

1. Chapter 16: Transformations In Europe: Cultures and Ideas- The Protestant Reformation (Levy)

2. What Was The Protestant Reformation? • Criticism of the Roman Catholic Church led to the Protestant Reformation and brought changes in religion and politics across Europe.(Bulliet406) • The main events that caused the Protestant Reformation include: • 1. 100 Years War and Black Death • 2. Scientific Advances which contradicted the Church • 3. The Corruption within the Catholic Church (Lopez) • The Reformation caused a split in Christianity with the formation of new Protestant religions like the Lutherans, Puritans, Calvinism, and the Huguenots.(Armstrong194) • The Reformation was a movement that aimed at reforming the Roman Catholic Church. • The Reformation is the root of all the branches of modern-day Protestantism.(Lopez) (Levy)

3. The Reformers Of The Protestant Reformation • Martin Luther- Luther realized that only faith and Church ritual (in the ultimate goodness of Jesus), not good deeds, could save a person. No good works would save a person if they did not believe. The religion Lutheran was named after him.(Armstrong195) • John Calvin-Preached doctrine of predestination, whether a person would be saved or not. He stated that only God knows who will be saved, and he only will guide lives of those destined for salvation. Nothing humans can do, good or bad, will change predetermined fates.(Bulliet407) • John Wycliffe- John Wycliffe's denial of the doctrine of transubstantiation, that the body and blood of Jesus Christ was transformed into bread and wine, his strong belief in the sole authority of Scripture, and his views on the right of the laity to confiscate Church property brought him under attack by the church leaders of his day. (Lopez) • Jan Hus-Hus was a key contributor to the Protestant movement whose teachings had a strong influence on the states of Europe, most immediately in the approval for the existence of a reformist Bohemian Church, and, more than a century later, on Martin Luther himself.(Armstrong193) • John Knox-Knox believed that the Bible was the sole authority and the doctrine of justification by faith alone, two elements that would remain in his thoughts throughout the rest of his life. He also influenced the works of Martin Luther and John Calvin. (Bulliet407) (Levy)

4. Acceptance & Rejection Of The Protestant Reformation • Some Local German Churches accepted Luther’s ideas. Martin Luther’s ideas were also supported by German Princes who issued a formal “protest” against the Catholic Church for restraining the reforms. The reformers came to be known as [PROTEST]ants - Protestants. ( Lopez) • In 1520, Pope Leo X expelled Luther from the Catholic Church. • The Protestant Reformation began with criticisms of the Catholic Church by priests and other religious thinkers.(Bulliet408-409) • Reformation began in England in1509 with Henry VIII as the king. He was a devout Catholic who wrote angry protests against Luther’s ideas. His actions won him the title “Defender of the Faith". (Armstrong194) • The Reformation was able to spread into England since Henry VIII had the desire to annul his marriage to Catherine. He eventually founded the Anglican Church, or the Church of England, where it was a Christian Church, and wasn’t Roman Catholic nor truly Protestant. King Henry acted essentially as its main leader, or pope. (Lopez) (Levy)

5. Reasons For The Reformation Financing Churches(Basilica) Working Off Sins • Financial corruption, abuse of power, & immorality • People’s respect for priests, monks, popes weakened • Heavy taxation also caused discontent (Lopez) • Pope Leo X approved sale of indulgences. • Needed money for St. Peter’s Basilica. • Indulgences, pardons reduced a soul’s time in purgatory. (Lopez) • Catholics believed dead went to purgatory, worked off sins committed. • Sale of indulgences widely criticized. • Government separate from the church. (Armstrong195) Catholicism in the 1400s • Roman Catholic Church—influential, extravagant, and sophisticated. • Some people felt that the church was straying from its spiritual roots. • Concerns of the Roman Catholic Church defined into the Protestant Reformation. (Bulliet406-408) (Levy)

6. Ulrich Zwingli Opposed by Luther • Born in Switzerland, entered priesthood at 22, preached ideas similar to Martin Luther’s. • Many ideas viewed as radical. • His church based on theocracy, government in which church, state joined; officials divinely inspired. • Many supported Zwingli, others did not, including Luther. • Luther accused Zwingli of tampering with word of God. • Without Lutherans’ support, Swiss Protestants vulnerable to attack by Catholics. The Spread Of Protestantism • Luther’s stand against the church opened the door for others such as John Calvin. • Differing ideas on religious matters were put forth.(Lopez) • As Lutheranism arose in Germany, new religious movements began in Switzerland and other places in Europe. (Armstrong194) When the disagreement between Swiss Protestants and Catholics erupted into war, Zwingli was a casualty. He died in battle in 1531. (Bulliet405-409) (Levy)

7. QUIZ TIME! • The two traditions, according to Martin Luther, about how a sinful human beings can gain salvation are: • Church ritual and good works • Good works and clerical intercession • Church ritual and individual faith • Individual faith and love of God • Church ritual and clerical intercession (Levy)

8. QUIZ TIME! 2. Which of the following religions was NOT formed during the Protestant Reformation: • Lutheran • Calvinism • Puritan • Huguenots • Agnosticism (Levy)

9. QUIZ TIME! 3.Which was one of the conditions that led to the Protestant Reformation? • People’s respect for priests, monks, popes strengthened. • There was financial corruption within the Catholic Church. • The belief of mortality was becoming abusive in the Catholic Church. • Light taxes caused discontent and thus for people to create their own religion. • Scientific advances that did not contradict the Catholic Church. (Levy)

10. QUIZ ANSWERS! 1. C) Church ritual and individual faith 2. E) Agnosticism 3. B) There was financial corruption within the Catholic Church. (Levy)

11. Bibliography • Books: • Bulliet, Richard. The Earth and Its Peoples. Third Edition. New York City: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2005. • Armstrong, Monty. Cracking the AP World History Exam. 2010 Edition. New York , NY: The Princeton Review Inc, 2009. • Websites: • Lopez, Doris S. "The Protestant Reformation." World History For Us All. San Diego State University, 2005. Web. 19 Oct. 2009. <http://worldhistoryforusall.sdsu.edu/units/six/closeup/06_closeup671.pdf>. • Pictures: • Levy, Patricia. "Church( Building)." Wikipedia The Free Ebcyclopedia. 2004. Web. 19 Oct. 2009. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Churches>. (Levy)