Chemical Engineering as an Academic Major and a Career

1. Chemical Engineering as anAcademic Major and a Career Mark J. McCready Professor and Department Chair Chemical Engineering mjm@nd.eduhttp://www.nd.edu/~mjmhttp://www.nd.edu/~chegdept

2. Outline • The origins of chemical engineering • What was it? • What has it become? • What kinds of courses do you take to become a chemical engineer? • What are the opportunities for research? • What kinds of careers do chemical engineers follow? mjm@nd.eduhttp://www.nd.edu/~mjmhttp://www.nd.edu/~chegdept

3. Overview • Chemical engineering is the discipline that uses a molecular understanding of matter to produce from raw materials in useful quantities, all of the synthetic materials that are used by humankind. • In addition to chemistry and biology, the primary subjects that make this possible are molecular thermodynamics and transport phenomena. • The design part of chemical engineering often involves invention of new materials based on molecular knowledge and creation of new cellular level processes -- yes we use bacteria as chemical factories. mjm@nd.eduhttp://www.nd.edu/~mjmhttp://www.nd.edu/~chegdept

4. Color Scheme • This is the standard slide, no humor is intended. • Acknowledgement • Professor Edward Maginn • Slides on career info mjm@nd.eduhttp://www.nd.edu/~mjmhttp://www.nd.edu/~chegdept

5. Color Scheme • If you see this color slide, it is possible that • A. I am not being entirely serious • B. I am inserting a disclaimer -- in case my colleagues in other disciplines would not agree with what I say ! • It is up to your judgement to decide!! • Acknowledgements • http://www.notveryfunnyjokes.com • http:// www.custombutnotgoodmusicclips.com mjm@nd.eduhttp://www.nd.edu/~mjmhttp://www.nd.edu/~chegdept

6. We can start with a Definition • www.dictionary.com • chemical engineering (km-kl nj-nîrng) • n. • The branch of engineering that deals with the technology of large-scale chemical production and the manufacture of products through chemical processes. • ------------------------------------------------------------------------ • chemical engineer n. mjm@nd.eduhttp://www.nd.edu/~mjmhttp://www.nd.edu/~chegdept

7. Traditional chemical/petroleum industry mjm@nd.eduhttp://www.nd.edu/~mjmhttp://www.nd.edu/~chegdept

8. Traditional chemical/petroleum industry Large distillation tower mjm@nd.eduhttp://www.nd.edu/~mjmhttp://www.nd.edu/~chegdept

9. Traditional chemical/petroleum industry SHANGHAI OIL REFINERY http://www.luboil.com/brief/brief.html mjm@nd.eduhttp://www.nd.edu/~mjmhttp://www.nd.edu/~chegdept

10. Traditional chemical/petroleum industry Fluidized bed Catalytic Cracking unit http://www.luboil.com/brief/brief.html mjm@nd.eduhttp://www.nd.edu/~mjmhttp://www.nd.edu/~chegdept

11. What did chemical engineers look like? mjm@nd.eduhttp://www.nd.edu/~mjmhttp://www.nd.edu/~chegdept

12. An academic joke • http://www.jokes-for-all.com • At Cambridge University during an examination one day a bright young student popped up and asked the proctor to bring him Cakes and Ale. The following dialog ensued: • Proctor: I beg your pardon? • Student: Sir, I request that you bring me Cakes and Ale. • Proctor: Sorry, no. • Student: Sir, I really must insist. I request and require that you bring me Cakes and Ale. • At this point, the student produced a copy of the four hundred year old Laws of Cambridge, written in Latin and still nominally in effect, and pointed to the section which read (roughly translated): "Gentlemen sitting examinations may request and require Cakes and Ale." Pepsi and hamburgers were judged the modern equivalent, and the student sat there, writing his examination and happily slurping away. • Three weeks later, the student was fined five pounds for not wearing a sword to the examination. mjm@nd.eduhttp://www.nd.edu/~mjmhttp://www.nd.edu/~chegdept

13. What is chemical engineering? • Chemical Engineering originated with the need to transform raw materials into useful products through chemical reactions. • The reactions were discovered by chemists starting in the 1600’s and by the end of the 1800’s, there was a need to produce large quantities of an ever increasing number of materials. • The “scale-up” of a laboratory reaction (~grams) to a profitable commercial process 106grams) is usually not a matter of just making bigger laboratory equipment (flasks, beaker and Bunsen burners). mjm@nd.eduhttp://www.nd.edu/~mjmhttp://www.nd.edu/~chegdept

14. (Aside) What is engineering? • “To define it rudely but not inaptly, engineering is the art of doing that well with one dollar which any bungler can do with two dollars.” • -Arthur M. Wellington, The Economic Theory of the Location of Railways, Introduction (6th ed.,1900). mjm@nd.eduhttp://www.nd.edu/~mjmhttp://www.nd.edu/~chegdept

15. We can also say about chemical engineering ... • Chemical engineers use the principles of engineering analysis and knowledge of chemistry to design, build and operate processes that provide society with items such as: • petroleum fuels, toothpaste, low fat potato chips, paint, plastic for athletic shoes or carpeting, insecticides, pharmaceuticals, computer chips, etc. • If nothing sticks to Teflon, how does it stick to the pan? • How can you make carpet from crude oil? mjm@nd.eduhttp://www.nd.edu/~mjmhttp://www.nd.edu/~chegdept

16. Transdermal glucose monitor http://www.techchem.com/2000nonevasi.html mjm@nd.eduhttp://www.nd.edu/~mjmhttp://www.nd.edu/~chegdept

17. Brain Cancer implantable “patch” http://www.guilfordpharm.com/fs_products_f.htm mjm@nd.eduhttp://www.nd.edu/~mjmhttp://www.nd.edu/~chegdept

18. ... the future of chemical engineering ... • In the future we might expect: replacement bones, tendons, skin and other organs, superconducting integrated circuits, ceramic and plastic automobiles, nonmetallic bridges and building structures and clothes that don’t get dirty!! mjm@nd.eduhttp://www.nd.edu/~mjmhttp://www.nd.edu/~chegdept

19. Synthesis of replacement parts for people • Bob Langer, Chemical Enginering Professor at MIT • Alan Alda,One of Langer’s students • Video from Scientific American Frontiers mjm@nd.eduhttp://www.nd.edu/~mjmhttp://www.nd.edu/~chegdept

20. Chemical reactor for growing heart tissue mjm@nd.eduhttp://www.nd.edu/~mjmhttp://www.nd.edu/~chegdept

21. Synthetic heart cells mjm@nd.eduhttp://www.nd.edu/~mjmhttp://www.nd.edu/~chegdept

22. Synthetic heart cells mjm@nd.eduhttp://www.nd.edu/~mjmhttp://www.nd.edu/~chegdept

23. Bad sports clichés • http://www.sportscliche.com • They wanted it more than we did. • We beat ourselves. • We didn't maintain the intensity for the entire 60 minutes. • We brought our A-game. • I'm really proud of the way our guys hung in there. • He's an impact player. • He's some kind of player.   (Mind telling us what kind?) • You can't say enough about him. • He’s the real deal! mjm@nd.eduhttp://www.nd.edu/~mjmhttp://www.nd.edu/~chegdept

24. Not a cliché ! • “Chemical Engineering is what chemical engineers do!” J. Wei, Dean of Engineering at Princeton • Chemical Engineers and Chemical Engineering are not defined by what we make, but by the body of knowledge that we learn, our view of the world and the mathematical tools that we use. mjm@nd.eduhttp://www.nd.edu/~mjmhttp://www.nd.edu/~chegdept

25. What do students take to become chemical engineers? • First let us try still harder to see what chemical engineers need to understand to be able to do what we have seen. mjm@nd.eduhttp://www.nd.edu/~mjmhttp://www.nd.edu/~chegdept

26. Primary characteristics of chemical engineers • Most all of the products of the world are made of materials that are in a different form from the raw materials from which they were made. • Chemical engineers understand matter in terms of its fundamental nature, • i.e., molecules, • can describe molecules or groups of molecules quantitatively • They use molecular understanding to deal with processes involving chemical, biological and physical transformations of matter • To effectively do this, they can answer the important questions necessary to bridge the gap from molecular sizes up to the dimensions of everyday life. mjm@nd.eduhttp://www.nd.edu/~mjmhttp://www.nd.edu/~chegdept

27. Comparing different engineering disciplines • A way to think of which kind of engineer you might want to be is to connect with your “inner self” • You know, ... from when you were 10 years old. • Or at least sometime before education changed who you are. • What about the world did you find most fascinating? mjm@nd.eduhttp://www.nd.edu/~mjmhttp://www.nd.edu/~chegdept

28. Comparing different engineering disciplines • If: • Mechanical engineering inherently deals with all of the mechanical devices of humankind. • Then: • Chemical engineering describes the processes of nature • If • Civil engineering involves the design and construction of large structures. • If • Electrical engineering deals with the materials and processes that allow communication systems and computers. mjm@nd.eduhttp://www.nd.edu/~mjmhttp://www.nd.edu/~chegdept

29. What do chemical engineers learn about to become one? • Fundamental Science, • Mathematics, Chemistry, Physics, Biology • Engineering science topics: • Chemical Thermodynamics • Transport Phenomena • Integration of these in courses such as • Reaction Engineering, Separation Processesand Process Design mjm@nd.eduhttp://www.nd.edu/~mjmhttp://www.nd.edu/~chegdept

30. The curriculum Sophomore year Junior year mjm@nd.eduhttp://www.nd.edu/~mjmhttp://www.nd.edu/~chegdept

31. Flow of oil in sandstone Governing equation P is the local pressure causing flow Ke is an effective hydraulic “conductivity” the response of fluid flow to the change in pressure Interstitial lymph fluid flow Governing equation Applications of transport phenomena mjm@nd.eduhttp://www.nd.edu/~mjmhttp://www.nd.edu/~chegdept

32. Both problems are governed by For a steady flow we have: Parabolic velocity profile Applications of transport phenomena mjm@nd.eduhttp://www.nd.edu/~mjmhttp://www.nd.edu/~chegdept

33. The curriculum Sophomore year Junior year mjm@nd.eduhttp://www.nd.edu/~mjmhttp://www.nd.edu/~chegdept

34. Phase equilibria • Fundamental chemical relation • The fugacity of a component in each phase is equal, • fiI = fiII • Vapor - liquid equilibria • Basis for designing distillation columns, (or where the alcohol goes when you cook with wine.) • Gas-liquid equilibria • Solubility of oxygen or carbon dioxide in water • Happy fishes • Happy people drinking carbonated drinks, mjm@nd.eduhttp://www.nd.edu/~mjmhttp://www.nd.edu/~chegdept

35. The curriculum senior year We also have a “Pre-med” (biology) option, an Environmental Option and a Materials Certificate Program. mjm@nd.eduhttp://www.nd.edu/~mjmhttp://www.nd.edu/~chegdept

36. Enzyme binds to a substrate to cause a reaction Michaelis-Menten Reaction Kinetics • Gaseous chemical species adsorbs on a catalyst and reacts • Langmuir-Hinshelwood mjm@nd.eduhttp://www.nd.edu/~mjmhttp://www.nd.edu/~chegdept

37. Opportunities for research as an undergraduate • Characterization and synthesis of advanced materials • Nanoscale bioengineering • Complex fluids and flows • Surface science and catalysis • Minimizing the impact of chemical manufacturing processes • Applied molecular thermodynamics mjm@nd.eduhttp://www.nd.edu/~mjmhttp://www.nd.edu/~chegdept

38. Combustion synthesis • Synthesis of advanced ceramic materials, • A. Varma and coworkers mjm@nd.eduhttp://www.nd.edu/~mjmhttp://www.nd.edu/~chegdept

39. mjm@nd.eduhttp://www.nd.edu/~mjmhttp://www.nd.edu/~chegdept

40. Combustion synthesis • A selection of parts made by combustion synthesis mjm@nd.eduhttp://www.nd.edu/~mjmhttp://www.nd.edu/~chegdept

41. Nanoscale BioengineeringNear-Field Microscopy • From the lab of Professor Ostafin, taken by Fei Liu 15nm gold particles with a silica shell red blood cells, 500 nm mjm@nd.eduhttp://www.nd.edu/~mjmhttp://www.nd.edu/~chegdept

42. Figure 18:Electrokinetic capillary cell prototype. The microscope objective lens can be seen focusing on the 5 micron ID capillary mounted in the cell barrier. Theanodewell is located near the red alligator clip and the cathode well is at the dark blue clip. Nanoscale bioengineeringElectrokinetic flow From the lab of Professor Agnes Ostafin --research of Adrienne Minerick mjm@nd.eduhttp://www.nd.edu/~mjmhttp://www.nd.edu/~chegdept

43. 25.32 sec 29.86 33.86 37.04 5 m a b Figure 21: a) Liposome movement toward the cathode. b) Liposome position as a function of time is shown for 3 sequences. Average liposome velocity in 2 M KCl was 4.46 m/sec Nanoscale bioengineering From the lab of Professor Agnes Ostafin --research of Adrienne Minerick mjm@nd.eduhttp://www.nd.edu/~mjmhttp://www.nd.edu/~chegdept

44. Waves in gas-liquid flows From the lab of Professor Mark McCready --research of William Kuru mjm@nd.eduhttp://www.nd.edu/~mjmhttp://www.nd.edu/~chegdept

45. Surface ScienceScanning - Tunneling Microscopy STM Image of Highly Ordered Pyrolytic Graphite (HOPG) From the lab of Professor Eduardo Wolf mjm@nd.eduhttp://www.nd.edu/~mjmhttp://www.nd.edu/~chegdept

46. Surface ScienceScanning - Tunneling Microscopy STM Image of Octadecanol Adsorbed on HOPG Surface (from the lab of Professor Eduardo Wolf) mjm@nd.eduhttp://www.nd.edu/~mjmhttp://www.nd.edu/~chegdept

47. What do chemical engineers from Notre Dame do? mjm@nd.eduhttp://www.nd.edu/~mjmhttp://www.nd.edu/~chegdept

48. Random sampling of current seniors • Accenture (IT / business consulting) – 3 • Bayer (pharmaceuticals) • Procter and Gamble (brand mgmt) • UOP (process engineering) – 2 • TRW (satellite systems) • Technology Services Group (consulting – web-based applications) • Merrill Lynch (investment banking) • GE (aircraft engines division) • Loyola (law school) • Air Products (Career Development Program) • U. Texas SW (medical school) • Military (medical service corp, flight school) – 2 • Northwestern University (graduate school in chemical engineering) • Eli Lilly (pharmaceuticals)

49. Snapshot summary • 20% business / consulting • 20% professional / graduate school • 20% chemical / petroleum industry • 10% pharmaceutical industry • 10% military • 10% aerospace industry • 10% marketing, financial services

50. Why can our graduates have such varied careers? • Our program is broad and fundamental • Not geared toward a particular product or industry • Traditional chemical and petroleum industry is in stable phase • Pharmaceutical industry is growing • Other growth industries (IT, business consulting, financial services) recognize the value of a fundamental engineering education