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血尿 ( Hematuria )

血尿 ( Hematuria ). 原南京中大附属医院神内科主任、硕士生导师 佛山大学医学院医学系孟红旗教授、主任医师 Professor 、 Doctor director 、 Neurologist. CONTENT. Definition of hematuria Etiology Clinical feature Differential diagnosis Laboratory tests Accompanied symptoms. DEFINITION.

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血尿 ( Hematuria )

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  1. 血尿(Hematuria) 原南京中大附属医院神内科主任、硕士生导师 佛山大学医学院医学系孟红旗教授、主任医师 Professor、Doctor director 、Neurologist

  2. CONTENT • Definition of hematuria • Etiology • Clinical feature • Differential diagnosis • Laboratory tests • Accompanied symptoms

  3. DEFINITION • More than three red blood cells are found in centrifuged urine per high-power field microscopy ( > 3 RBC/HP). • Normal urine: no red blood cell or less than three red blood cell

  4. 血尿基本定义 • 正常人尿液中无红细胞或偶见个别红细胞 • 血尿:尿液离心沉淀后尿RBC>3/HP,或尿沉渣(Addi’s)计数12小时尿RBC>50 万或 1小时>10万

  5. According to the amount of RBC in the urine, hematuria can be classified as: • microscopic hematuria: normal colour with eyes • gross hematuria: tea-colored, cola-colored, pink or even red

  6. 镜下血尿(microhematuria):尿色正常,须经显微镜检查方能确定镜下血尿(microhematuria):尿色正常,须经显微镜检查方能确定 肉眼血尿(macrohematuria):尿呈洗肉水色或血色

  7. 泌尿道基本构成 肾 上尿路 输尿管 膀胱 下尿路 尿道(后尿道、前尿道)

  8. ETIOLOGY • Diseases of the urinary system—the most common cause 1、Vascular arteriovenous malformation arterial emboli or thrombosis arteriovenous fistular renal vein thrombosis loin-pain(腰痛) hematuria syndrom excessive anticogulation

  9. 2、Glomerular IgA nehropathy thin basement membrane disease (incl.Alport syndrome) other causes of primary and secondary glomerulonephritis 3、Interstitial allergic interstitial nephritis analgesic(止痛剂) nephropathy renal cystic diseases acute pyelonephritis tuberculosis renal allograft rejection

  10. 4、Uro-epithelium malignancy vigorous excise trauma papillary necrosis cystitis/urethritis / prostatitis (usually caused by infection) parasitic diseases (e.g. schistosomiasis) nephrolithiasis(肾结石) or bladder calculi

  11. 5、System disorders a. Hematological disorders anemia leukemia allergic purpura hemophilia(血友病) ITP (idiopathy thrombocytopenic purpura) b. Infection infective endocarditis septicemia epidemic hemorrhagic fever (Hantaan virus) scarlet fever (-hemolytic streptococcus) leptospirosis(螺旋体病) filariasis(丝病)

  12. c. Connective tissue diseases systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) d. Cariovascular diseases hypertensive nephropathy chronic heart failure renal artery sclerosis e. Endocrine and metabolism diseases gout diabetes mellitus

  13. 6、Diseases of adjacent organs to urinary tract appendicitis carcinoma of the rectum carcinoma of the colon utero-cervical cancer • 7、Drug and chemical agents sulfanilamides anticogulation • 8、miscellaneous exercise “idopathic” hematuria

  14. 1 Local a. Infection b. Tumour esp. >40 y/o c. Stone d. Trauma e. Prostatic disease f. Hemorrhagic cystitis the most common Causes of Haematuria 2. General a.Bleeding diatheses b.Unusual causes Endocarditis Polyarteritis nodosa Malignant hypertension Glomerulonephritis

  15. Origin of haematuria 1. Kidney 15% 2. Ureter 15% 3. Bladder 40% 4. Prostate 25% 5. Urethra 5%

  16. 病 因 • 肾实质病变 1. 肾小球疾病  原发性肾小球疾病:IgA肾病、急性肾小球 肾炎  继发性肾小球疾病:狼疮性肾炎、紫癜性肾 炎、感染性心内膜炎、血管炎、流行性出血 热  其他:Alport综合征、薄基底膜肾病

  17. 病 因 2. 肾小管-间质疾病  感染性  间质性肾炎  肾脏囊性病变 3. 血管病变:肾梗塞、肾静脉血栓形成 4. 其他:肿瘤、肾乳头坏死、特发性高钙尿症和高尿酸尿症、损伤、肾下垂等

  18. 病 因 • 泌尿生殖道疾病 1. 结石、肿瘤、感染等 2. 其他:前列腺增生、尿路损伤、子宫内膜 异位、膀胱输尿管返流

  19. 病 因 • 其它 1. 尿路邻近器官疾病:阑尾炎、盆腔炎等 2. 全身出血性疾病:血小板减少、白血病、 血友病 3. 药物与化学因素毒副作用:环磷酰胺、 抗凝剂、汞剂等 • 功能性血尿:健康人剧烈运动后血尿(一过性)

  20. 病例 • 李某,女性,11岁。血尿入院。有皮肤紫癜史,尿检异常,当地医院诊不明,为求进一步诊治而入院。患儿较同龄人发育早,尿中有血丝,遂请妇科会诊,考虑青春期功血。因患者留取尿标本不规范,导致月经血混入小便中,致尿检异常。按照妇科方案治疗一周,并嘱患者规范留取标本,一周后复查尿检正常。出院后随访一年尿检均正常。三、经验、教训、思考、感想、点评:1.肾内科医师知识须全面!!!2.应考虑到是否规范留取标本;3.对临床中的任何蛛丝马迹都不能放过!!!

  21. 病例 • 一位48岁女性,右下腹痛为主诉,无血尿,疼痛较剧烈,我前一班医生向我提起这位病人,说腹部很软,仅右下腹麦氏点附近有轻压痛,无反跳痛和肌卫,查了血尿常规,血白细胞12*10^9/L,尿常规中红细胞5-6/Hp,白细胞+++/Hp,已请外科会诊,不考虑急性阑尾炎,暂考虑尿路感染,在输液室给予564-2 和左氧氟沙星静滴。我当时也没多想,接诊病人。正当我忙得不亦乐乎之时,该患者家属说输液快一个小时了,腹痛一点儿未缓解,我心里还不太高兴,心想这又有啥希奇的,腹痛缓解总要有个过程的,没看我忙着吗。但脸上却是和颜悦色,对他丈夫说,不要着急之类的话,并让她来诊室再检查一下的话。等家属把患者扶过来在诊室的床上躺好,我看她确实疼的不停呻吟,主诉下腹痛,位置在右下腹和左下腹,查体腹部很软,全腹无反跳痛和肌卫,右下腹麦氏点附近有轻压痛,左下腹痛位置接近会阴部。

  22. 当时第一印象,肯定不是内科疾病,再请外科医生来看,外科医生说腹部太软了,阑尾炎局部应有肌位的,不象急性阑尾炎。我想到是否为急性盆腔炎或宫外孕,再请妇科会诊。患者回来时仍是表情痛苦,诉疼痛剧烈,附上超声波报告,我是傻眼了,妇科没大问题,提示右肾结晶,轻度积水。诊断明确了:肾绞痛。请泌尿科医生会诊,认同该诊断,且经他体检,右肾区叩痛阳性,经治疗后腹痛缓解了。虽然该患者和家属没有说什么,但我很惭愧,因为我没有及时诊断出来,而让她在这么痛苦的情况下跑来跑去的,万幸的是,该患者辗转4个科室,病情总算没算耽搁吧,也给她解决了痛苦。

  23. CLINICAL FEATURE • 1、Color depends on the amount of red blood cell in the urine and the pH normal: light yellow, pH 6.5 pH acidic: more darker (brown or black) alkaline: red

  24. DIFFERENTIAL Color • Polluted urine: menstruation • Drug and food: phenosulfonphtha lein (PSP), uric acid, vegetable • Porphyrism(卟啉病): porphyrin in urine (+) • Hemoglobinuria hemolysis soy-like, very few RBC under the microscopy occult blood test (+)

  25. 2、Three-glass test Method: collecting the three stages of urine of a patient during micturition Result: • the initial specimen containing RBC—the urethra • the last specimen containing RBC—the bladder neck and trianglar area, posturethra • all the specimens containing RBC—upper urinary tract, bladder

  26. 3、Phase-contrast microscopy to distinguish glomerular from post glomerular bleeding • post glomerular bleeding: normal size and shape of RBC • glomerular bleeding: dysmorphic RBC (acanthocyte)

  27. EXAMPLE OF PHASE-CONTRAST MICROSCOPY TEST (non-glomerlar)

  28. EXAMPLE OF PHASE-CONTRAST MICROSCOPY TEST (glomerlar)

  29. 临床表现 • 肉眼血尿:每1000ml尿液中含1ml血即成肉眼 血尿。含血量大,血色深;尿酸 性,呈棕色或暗黑色;尿碱性, 呈红色。 • 假性血尿:阴道或直肠血污染、某些药物或食 物所致红色尿 • 血红蛋白尿:尿呈均匀红色或酱油色、无沉 淀、镜检无红细胞或偶有红细胞

  30. 尿三杯试验 第一杯含血:前尿道 第三杯(终末)含血:膀胱颈和三角区或后尿道 全程血尿:膀胱或膀胱以上 尿红细胞相差显微镜或尿红细胞容积分布曲线:鉴别肾小球源性和非肾小球源性血尿

  31. 3、镜下血尿 肾(小球)性血尿 由于肾小球病变引起通透性变化使不该滤过的红细胞能通过肾小球基底膜而引起的血尿。红细胞在通过病变的肾小球基底膜时,受到挤压损伤,以后又受到肾小管中不同渗透压、介质张力、pH等因素的作用,使红细胞在大小形态上发生变化,导致红细胞畸形,使细胞变小。 非肾性血尿 其出血部位和肾小球性血尿不同,主要在肾以外或非肾小球部位出血,是由于毛细血管或小血管破裂所引起的。均一血尿,不变形。

  32. 病例 • 这是我刚毕业不久发生的事,虽然主角不是我,但对我的触动很大。患者,男,40岁,因无痛性肉眼血尿三个月就诊,行膀胱镜检查见膀胱右侧壁一菜花状肿物,约1.5cm×1.5cm大小,基底不宽,但未见明显蒂,肿物可随水流活动。左侧输尿管口正常,右侧输尿管口未见,但可见肿物下方有尿液喷出,取组织送病检,回报:移行细胞癌。收入院,诊断膀胱癌,并拟行膀胱部分切除术,术中见肿物自输尿管口突入膀胱,为输尿管癌!!!!遂行输尿管癌根治术。教训:输尿管癌容易误诊,膀胱镜检查时要有这根弦,看不到输尿管口时不要轻易放弃,要看清肿物的基底,不要想当然,先入为主。

  33. ACCOMPANIED SYMPTOMS • Hematuria with renal colic renal stone, ureter stone if with dysuria, miction pause:bladder or urethra stone • Hematuria with urinary frequency,urgency and dysuria bladder or lower urinary tract (tuberculosis or tumor) if accompanied by high spiking fever, chill and loin pain: pyelonephritis

  34. Hematuria with edema and hypertension glomerulonephritis hypertensive nephropathy • Hematuria with mass in the kidney neoplasm hereditary polycystic kidney • Hematuria with hemorrhage in skin and mucosa hematological disorders infectious diseases

  35. 伴随症状 • 伴蛋白尿、高血压、水肿,提示肾小球疾病,进一步询问有无关节痛、皮疹、紫癜及有无糖尿病、肝炎以排除继发性肾小球疾病 • 伴膀胱刺激症状,提示尿路感染 • 伴肾绞痛或尿流中断,提示尿路结石 • 伴肿块者提示肿瘤、多囊肾等

  36. 病例 • 2003年6月,患者,男, 70岁。因无痛性血尿3天伴排尿困难来我院就诊,患者要求住中医科,刚好碰上患者的一朋友,建议其住泌尿外科。体查:前列腺增生。B超示右肾重度积水,膀胱内占位,考虑血凝块,前列腺增生。KUB+IVP示右肾不显影,左肾功能良好。膀胱镜下清除膀胱内血凝块,见膀胱内无新生物,前列腺增生,右侧输尿管开口吸条状血凝块,插管1CM受阻。考虑出血源自右侧泌尿系,病因⑴右侧输尿管肿瘤?⑵阴性结石?⑶肾紫癜?予以止血、抗感染、激素治疗。螺旋CT未有阳性发现。患者不同意手术探查,血尿消失出院。2周后复查KUB+IVP仍右肾不显影,亦未进一步检查。1月后再出现血尿,上级医院CT发现右输尿管下段肿瘤,已不能手术。不久,患者右下肢肿胀,2月后死亡。有几个问题:1.当时需哪些进一步检查,能明确诊断。

  37. 问诊要点 • 确定是否为真性血尿:有无进食引起红色尿的药物、食物,月经来潮 • 是否全程血尿,有无血块,有无器械检查及外伤 • 有无肾绞痛、膀胱刺激症 • 有无高血压、浮肿、蛋白尿、肾功能减退

  38. 问诊要点 • 有无皮疹、关节痛、发热、皮肤粘膜出血 • 有关药物服用情况,其他全身相关疾病 • 家族史:耳聋、失明、肾病史

  39. 体格检查 发热子 肾区压痛及叩击痛 高血压 输尿管压痛点压痛 贫血 腰腹部包块 体重减轻 皮肤粘膜出血

  40. 实验室及辅助检查 尿检:尿常规、尿红细胞相关显微镜、尿 抗酸杆菌检查、中段尿细菌培养、 尿结核菌培养 特殊检查:X线腹部平片、超声、静脉或 逆行肾盂造影、膀胱镜、肾动脉造影、肾穿刺活检

  41. KUB平片

  42. Intravenous pyelography (urography), excretory pyelographyPlain film + 5-10’, 30’, full, post-voiding

  43. IVP

  44. IVP

  45. Retrograde Pyelography

  46. Stone formation within kidneyMigrated to ureter  acute ureteral obstruction  renal colics…

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