GACE Science Review Study Session

1. GACE Science Review Study Session Presented By: Tonya Clarke and Joe E. Hart tclark@clayton.k12.ga.us jhart@clayton.k12.ga.us

2. Overview • Scientific Method • Characteristics and Processes of science • Earth Science • Physical Science • Life Science • Health and Safety • Basic PE Principles

3. Scientific Method • Observation • Problem • Formed as a question, based on observation • Hypothesis • An educated guess based on previous knowledge and experiences • Experiment • Create an experimental plan • Recording • Record observations, quantitative or qualitative • Data Analysis • Conclusion • Refers back to hypothesis; not about proving hypotheses- about supporting or disproving hypotheses

4. Characteristics and Processes of Science • Values of Science • Curiosity • honesty • Openness • Skepticism • Reliance on verifiable evidence • Scientific Inquiry

5. Characteristics and Processes of Science • Data Collection and Analysis • Always include units • Choose appropriate table for collecting data (tally table, chart, etc.) • Choose appropriate table for presenting data (bar graph, circle graph, charts, tables, etc.) • Verify data

6. Science Tools and Equipment • Balances • Weights • Magnifying Glass (Hand Lenses) • Microscope • Thermometers • Spring Scales (measure force) • Petri Dishes • Beakers • GOGGLES!

7. Science Safety • No food or drinks. • Always wear goggles. (sterilize between) • Be organized. • No loose clothing or hair. • Students should not clean up broken glass. • Clean up with soap and water. • http://membership.acs.org/c/ccs/pubs/K-6_art_2.pdf

8. Earth Science • Solar System and Universe • Planets • revolve around sun on elliptical paths • each revolution is 1 year on that planet • 1 year on Earth is 365 ¼ days (leap year) • causes seasons • Earth is tilted on its axis so that certain hemispheres receive more light from the sun during different times of the year • seasons in northern and southern halves of the earth are reversed (summer in USA is winter in Australia) • rotate on axes (some vertical, some horizontal, Earth’s diagonal) • each rotation is one day on that planet • Earth rotates once every 24 hours • At any one time, the half of the Earth pointed toward the Sun experience day, the other half point away experiences night

9. Earth Science • Moon • Revolves around the Earth • The half of the moon facing the Sun always reflects light • As the moon moves, different amounts of lighted and dark parts of the moon face the Earth • The moon goes through 4 major phases • New Moon (can’t see at all) • 1st Quarter (goes from new to waxing crescent to 1st) • Full Moon (goes from 1st to waxing gibbous to full) • 3rd Quarter (goes from full to waning gibbous to 3rd) • New (goes from 3rd to waning crescent to New)

10. Earth Science • Eclipse • Lunar- when the Earth’s shadow blocks the moon from reflecting the sun • Solar- when the moon’s shadow blocks the Earth form seeing the Sun • only effects a small area

11. Earth Science • 3 layers of the Earth • Crust- thin outer layer, rocks are solid • Mantle- thick layer of hot rock (magma) • Core- center of earth • Outer core- made of hot magma • Inner core- solid ball of iron (due to pressure)

12. Earth Science • Minerals • solid, nonliving, never been alive • identified by characteristics • color • luster (metallic vs. nonmetallic) • streak (when scratched across porcelain) • shape (of crystal) • hardness (whether it will scratch another) • hardness scale: 1 (softest) to 10 (hardest) • Softest- talc • Hardest- diamond • Minerals are harder than others if they can scratch the others

13. Earth Science • Rocks • Classified by how they are formed • Igneous- formed when magma (melted rock inside the earth) or lava (melted rock outside the earth) cools and hardens • intrusive- formed inside • obtrusive- formed outside • granite, obsidian • Sedimentary- formed when layers of sediment (sand, dirt, leaves, etc) are squeezed and pressed together • common under oceans/marine areas • most likely to have fossils • sandstone, limestone

14. Earth Science • Rocks • Metamorphic- formed when heat and pressure change another I, S, or M rock • made deep in the earth • marble, slate • Rock Cycle • the process of rocks changing from one type to another • sedimentary  igneous or metamorphic or sedimentary • igneous  igneous or metamorphic or sedimentary • metamorphic  igneous or metamorphic or sedimentary

15. Earth Science • Fossils • something that has lasted from a living thing that died long ago • formed in different ways • mold- shape of plant or animal left in sediment when the rock is formed • cast- formed when mud or minerals fill a mold • imprint- molds of leaves or other thin objects

16. Earth Science • Water Cycle • Evaporation- changing of a liquid to gas • water evaporates from rivers, lakes, streams, oceans, etc. • Condensation- changing of gas to liquid • water condensates into clouds • Precipitation- water falls as rain, sleet, snow, or hail • when cloud becomes “full”, the water falls • some falls to land • some to bodies of water

17. Earth Science • Weather • What is happening in the atmosphere are a certain place • Atmosphere- the air surrounding Earth; has layers • troposphere- late where we live; temps drop as you go higher; temps near top are -80 degrees C • stratosphere- contains ozone; where some long distance jets fly; • mesosphere- temps lower than -120 degrees C • thermosphere- temps higher than 2000 degrees C

18. Earth Science • Weather • Fronts- a place where two air masses of differing temps meet • Cold front: cold air bumps hot air; pushes warm air up quickly; tall clouds, thunderstorms, windy, rainy, move fast, temperature drop after rain • Warm front: warm air bumps cold air; warm air pushed up gently by cold air; long periods of gentle rain, light winder; temperature rises after rain • Weather instruments • thermometers • wind anemometer (wind speed) • barometer (air pressure

19. Earth Science • Weather • Clouds • cumulus- puffy clouds; largest ones form into thunderstorms • cirrus- wispy and featherlike; in high altitudes; made of ice crystals • stratus- layered clouds; common to see during gentle and continuous rain

20. Earth Science • Weathering • the way rocks are broken down into smaller pieces • caused by: • wind • water (flowing and freezing) • plants (roots) • Erosion • the movement of weathered rock and soil • caused by: • creep (slow movement dur to gravity) • water • wind

21. Physical Science • Properties of Matter • matter- anything that takes up space • solids- takes up a specific amount of space and has definite shape (particles packed tightly, do not move much) • liquids- volume stays the same, but it can change its shape (particles more loosely arranged, slide past each other) • gasses- no definite space or volume (particles are not connected, move in straight lines until something bounces it in another direction [like Pong!]) • atoms- the basic building blocks of matter

22. Physical Science • Changes to Matter • Physical Changes • changes to matter in which no new kinds of matter are formed • cutting, gluing, writing on paper…. • changing temperature • Chemical Changes • changes that form different kinds of matter • cooking foods (flour, eggs, milk, and oil makes pancakes) • burning • rusting

23. Physical Science • Mixtures • substance that contains two or more different types of matter • matter can be separated • Solutions • mixture in which the particles of different kinds of matter mix together evenly • can’t be separated by hand

24. Physical Science • Elements • atoms that are all the same • type is determined by the number of protons (atomic number) • protons- positively charged particles • electrons- negatively charge particles • neutrons- particles with no charge • Molecules • combinations of atoms that are bonded • Density • amount of matter in a given volume

25. Physical Science • Energy • energy amount in universe is constant • energy transfers and changes forms, but does not disappear • the ability to cause change • allows movement in the world • types of energy • heat (thermal energy) • light • potential energy (energy object has because fo where it is) • kinetic energy (movement)

26. Physical Science • Energy • Types of Energy • solar • geothermic • electrical • wind energy • Fuels • something that can be burned for energy • fossil fuels- fuels made from living things from long ago (oil, natural gas, coal)

27. Physical Science • Energy • Energy Waves • some forms of energy (light and sound) move in waves • waves can be up-and-down (like a rope) or back-and-forth (like a coil) • measured from crest to crest

28. Physical Science • Light • moves as waves (rope waves) • travels faster than sound • Sound • moves as waves • caused by vibrating waves of air • travels slower than light • Electricity • moves through closed circuits • stored in batteries • generated in many ways

29. Physical Science • Heat • thermal energy • conduction- movement of heat when objects touch each other • conductors- allow heat transfer easily (metals) • insulators- do not allow heat transfer easily (oven mitts, house insulation, clothing, etc) • convection- movement of hear though liquids or gases • radiation- movement of heat without objects touching each other (solar radiation) • caused by: • friction • chemical interaction • burning

30. Physical Science • Forces • a push or a pull • cause motion (a change in position) • gravity is the force that pulls objects toward each other • weight- measurement of the pull of gravity on an object • work- the measure of force it takes to move an object (no movement = no force)

31. Physical Science • Simple Machines • make work easier • inclined plane (flat surface at an angle- ramp, stairs, escalator) • lever (bar that moves on a fixed point- seesaw, scissors) • pulley (rope over a wheel- flagpole) • wedge (2 inclined planes stuck back to back) • screw (inclined plane wrapped around a pencil- screw, drill) • wheel and axle (pencil sharpeners)

32. Life Science • Plants • Needs • light, water, air, soil • Parts • roots, stem, leaves • simple plants- no roots, no stem, no leaves • Plant Cells • nucleus • cell membrane • cell wall • vacuole • chloroplast • cytoplasm

33. Life Science • Plants • Seeds • usually large number in plant, surrounded by protective features • germinate- small plants breaks out of seed • seedling- young plant • Seed parts-seedling, seed coat, stored food • Photosynthesis • process of plants making food • takes in carbon dioxide, sunlight, water • chlorophyll uses these things to make sugar and oxygen

34. Life Science • Animals • Needs • air • water • food • shelter • Animal Cells • nucleus • cell membrane • vacuoles • cytoplasm

35. Life Science • Animal Traits • inherited- passed down from parents • traits- inherited body features • Mammals • lungs, fur/hair, live births • Birds • lungs, feathers, eggs • Amphibians • gills to lungs, moist skin, eggs • Fish • gills, scales, eggs • Reptiles • lungs, dry skin covered by scales, eggs and live births

36. Life Science • Animal Behaviors • instincts • hibernation • migration • camouflage • mimicry • Life Cycles • Butterfly • Frog • Human

37. Life Science • Ecosystems • the living and nonliving things in an environment • population- a group of the same kind of living things that live in the same place at the same time • community- all the populations that live in an ecosystem • habitat- place where a population live in an ecosystem

38. Life Science • Food Webs • producers- makes its own food • consumers- eats other living things as food • herbivores- eat only plants • carnivores- eat only meat • omnivores- eat both plants and meat • decomposer- breaks down dead things for food • food chain- explains how energy moves through the environment • predator- hunts another animal for food • prey- animal that is hunted

39. Good Science Websites • http://www.internet4classrooms.com/science_elem.htm (General science) • http://www.nsta.org/elementaryschool (NSTA Wesbite) • www.chem4kids.com (Chemistry Review) • http://www.brainpop.com/science/seeall/ (All Topics • ) http://www.nasa.gov/audience/forkids/kidsclub/flash/index.html (NASA) • http://www.pbs.org/science/

40. Health and Safety • Body Systems • Skeletal • Nervous • Digestive • Circulatory • Respiratory • Nutrition • Food pyramid • Fats, carbohydrates, protein,

41. Health and Safety • Communicable diseases- contagious • Non-communicable- not contagious • Interpersonal Relationships • Character Development • Substance Abuse • medicine • factors leading to substance abuse • strategies for resisting alcohol, tobacco products, or other drugs

42. Basic PE Principles • Fitness • cardiovascular endurance • muscular strength • flexibility • Movement • locomotor, nonlocomoter, manipulative