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Exploring Hydrocarbons: Organic Chemistry Essentials

Dive into the world of hydrocarbons in organic chemistry. Learn about alkane structures, nomenclature, and properties. Understand the unique bonding abilities of carbon and its impact on organic compounds.

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Exploring Hydrocarbons: Organic Chemistry Essentials

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  1. Chapter 7 Carbon and Organic Compounds

  2. Organic Chemistry • Organic originally meant chemicals that came from organisms • 1828 German chemist Friedrich Wohler synthesized urea in a lab • Today, organic chemistry is the chemistry of virtually all compounds containing the element carbon

  3. Organic Compounds • Contain carbon • Have covalent bonds • Have low melting points • Have low boiling points • Burn in air (oxygen) • Are soluble in nonpolar solvents • Form large molecules

  4. Organic Chemistry and Hydrocarbons • Over a million organic compounds, with a dazzling array of properties • Why so many? Carbon’s unique bonding ability! • Let’s start with the simplest of the organic compounds: Hydrocarbons

  5. Hydrocarbons • Hydrocarbons contain only two elements: hydrogen and carbon • simplest hydrocarbons called alkanes, which contain only single covalent bonds • methane (CH4) with one carbon is the simplest alkane; also known as swamp gas; main component of natural gas.

  6. Complete Structural Formulas Show the bonds between each of the atoms H H   H  C  H H C H   H H CH4 , methane

  7. alkanes • Carbon has 4 valence electrons, thus forms 4 covalent bonds • not only with other elements, but also forms bonds WITH ITSELF. • Ethane (C2H6) is the simplest alkane with a carbon to carbon bond

  8. More Alkanes H H Condensed Structural Formulas H C C H CH3 CH3 H H Ethane H H H H C C C H CH3 CH2 CH3 H H H Propane

  9. Straight-Chain Alkanes • Straight-chain alkanes contain any number of carbon atoms, one after the other, in a chain - meaning one linked to the next C-C-C C-C-C-C etc.

  10. Straight-Chain Alkanes • Many alkanes are used for fuels: methane, propane, butane, octane • As the number of carbons increases, so does the boiling and melting pt. • The first 4 are gases; #5-15 are liquids; higher alkanes are solids

  11. Alkanes • Since the electrons are shared equally, the molecule is nonpolar • thus, not attracted to water • oil (a hydrocarbon) not soluble in H2O • “like dissolves like”

  12. Naming Straight-Chain Alkanes • Names recommended by IUPAC - the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry • end with -ane, the root part of the name is a prefix for the # of carbons Table 7-3, page 244

  13. IUPAC Names Name # carbons Structural Formula Methane 1 CH4 Ethane 2 CH3CH3 Propane 3 CH3CH2CH3 Butane 4 CH3CH2CH2CH3 Pentane 5 CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3

  14. Name # carbons Structural Formula Hexane 6 CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 Heptane 7 CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 Octane 8 CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 Nonane 9 CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 Decane 10 CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3

  15. Straight-Chain Alkanes • Homologous series- a group of compounds that have a constant increment of change • In alkanes, it is: -CH2-

  16. Learning Check A. What is the condensed formula for H H H H H C C C C H H H H H B. What is its molecular formula? C. What is its name?

  17. Solution A. CH3CH2CH2CH3 B. C4H10 C. butane

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