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Comparative Anatomy Respiratory System

Comparative Anatomy Respiratory System. Note Set 10 Chapter 11 . Respiratory System. Gas exchange system Oxygen and carbon dioxide Fish- internal gills or lungs Some amphibians- permanent external gills (perennibranchiate) Others possess lungs. Accessory respiration organs Amphibian skin.

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Comparative Anatomy Respiratory System

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  1. Comparative AnatomyRespiratory System Note Set 10 Chapter 11

  2. Respiratory System • Gas exchange system • Oxygen and carbon dioxide • Fish- internal gills or lungs • Some amphibians- permanent external gills (perennibranchiate) • Others possess lungs

  3. Accessory respiration organs • Amphibian skin Figure 12.1: Adaptations for cutaneous respiration (hairy frog).

  4. Fish Respiratory System • Gills associated with walls of pharyngeal arches • Internal gills • Operculum- flap of skin covering gills • Spiracle- reduced 1st pharyngeal arch opening • Nonfunctional • Not in higher fish Figure 12.2: Gills of shark and teleost.

  5. Swim Bladder & Lungs • Every vertebrate has lung diverticulum • Pneumatic sac • Which came first? • Physoclistous • Esophagus not connected to swim bladder • Physostomous • Trachea to lungs or pneumatic sac Figure 12.3: Swim bladders and urodele lungs.

  6. Primitive Fish Have Primitive Lung • Lung diverticulum came first • Then pneumatic duct in teleosts • Swim bladder was possibly a secondary modification of lung Figure 12.4: Evolution of lungs and swim bladders.

  7. Swim Bladder • Red glands (gas glands)- network of small arteries • Provide oxygen to swim bladder Figure 12.5: Swim bladder (red) of fish. Figure 12.6: Rete mirabile in fish, red indicates high oxygen concentration.

  8. Swim Bladder (cont.) • Weberian ossicles • Swim bladder may act as sound chamber Figure 12.7: Weberian apparatus for transmitting swim bladder vibrations to ear. Figure 12.8: Weberian ossicles.

  9. Tetrapod Lungs • Diaphragmatic muscles pull the liver posteriorly via an attachment to the posthepatic septum in crocodilians • Most turtles also use diaphragmatic muscles to alter volume of cavity within the shell.

  10. Avian Lungs • Birds- modified lungs and ducts • Air sacs associated with lungs • Increase respiratory capacity for flight Figure 12.9: Lower respiratory tract of bird.

  11. Trachea • Passageway to lungs • Larynx- voice box at head • Laryngeal cartilages • Sound produced- vocal sac • Snake hissing- expulsion of air from lungs Figure 12.10: Human trachea and larynx (see book figure 13.13b).

  12. Trachea • Birds- Syrinx instead of larynx • Lower end of trachea • Not homologous to larynx • Incapable of producing sound • Mammals- man has larynx • Different cartilages • Epiglottis over glottis to larynx • Diaphragm Figure 12.11: Asymmetrical bronchotracheal syrinx of duck (book figure 13.16).

  13. Accessory Respiratory Organs • Yolk sac • In embryo • Skin • Many fish and amphibians • Ex: African Clawed frog (Xenopus)- chin barbels • Rectum & Cloaca • Highly vascularized in some fish • Ex: Aquatic turtles

  14. Literature Cited Figure 12.1 & 12.4: Kardong, K. Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution. McGraw Hill, 2002. Figure 12.2, 12.3, 12.7, 12.9 & 12.11: Kent, George C. and Robert K. Carr. Comparative Anatomy of the Vertebrates. 9th ed. McGraw-Hill, 2001. Figure 12.5: http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Lists/Glossary/GlossaryWZ.html#W Figure 12.6: http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Lists/Glossary/GlossaryC.html Figure 12.8: http://www.voiceproblem.org/anatomy/learning.asp Figure 12.10: http://www.voiceproblem.org/anatomy/learning.asp

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