Children and Parenting

1. Children and Parenting Unit #1

2. Essential Question Journal Entry #U-1 • Parenting 101: Write a journal entry about one of the topics below: • Identify what kind of parent you think you would be someday. • Determine what you would need to know about children before becoming a parent. • List resources you could use to learn more about parenting.

3. Chapter #1 Learn About Children

4. Essential Question Journal Entry #C-1 • Caring: Children of all ages need to be cared for. However, as they get older they need less care. Generate ways to show caring to a one-year-old child you are babysitting.

5. Learning Targets • Explain the best way to learn about children. • Identify three areas of childhood that researchers have studied. • Summarize how children learn and develop important skills. • List the stages of development after childhood. • Determine why observation is important in the study of child development. • Compare and contrast different methods of observation and interpretation.

6. Principles of Child Development • Development: • A process that includes growth as well as progress in skills and abilities. • As children mature, they pass through various stages of development. • During each stage, development occurs in several areas: • Physical • Intellectual • Emotional • Social • Moral • Each child is unique, however, certain basic principles of development can be observed in all children: • Development is sequential: • From simple to complex • From head to food • From the center of the body outward • Development proceeds at an individual rate. • Development is interrelated. • Development continues throughout life.

7. Types of Development, Defined • Physical Development: • Increases in size and shape along with the increasing ability to control and coordinate body movements. • Intellectual Development: • The ways children develop language, solve problems, and remember what they learn. • Emotional Development: • Learning to recognize feelings and express them appropriately. • Social Development: • Learning to relate to other people. • Moral Development: • The process of learning to distinguish between right and wrong.

8. Factors that Influence Development • Q: Every person has one-of-a-kind qualities– but where do those qualities come from? • A: Two major factors are at work: • Heredity: • The biological process by which certain traits are transmitted from parents to their children. • Environment: • Refers to all the conditions and circumstances affecting a person’s daily life.

9. Child Development Theorists • Early in the 20th century, physicians and social scientists began studying children and working out theories about their development. • Theory: • A set of ideas based on observations and analysis. • Many of the principles set forth by these child development theorists are still relied on today. • Maria Montessori • Arnold Gesell • B.F. Skinner • Jean Piaget • Lev Vygotsky • Albert Bandura • Erik Erikson • UrieBronfrenbrenner • Lawrence Kohlberg • Robert Coles

10. “Child Development Theorists” Individual Gallery Walk Activity

11. Child Development Stages • Psychologists and other experts have observed and reported on the developmental stages that children experience. • Knowing what to expect during each stage helps parents better understand and respond appropriately to their children’s behavior and needs. • Infancy: • The stage that begins at birth and lasts through twelve months. • Toddler: • One- and two-year-old children. • Preschool: • Refers to children who are three, four, and five years of age. • Middle Childhood • Early Adolescence • Late Adolescence

12. Concept #2 Responsibilities of Parenting

13. Essential Question Journal Entry #C-2 • Responsible Parenting: Until you become a parent, it is impossible to understand all of the responsibilities of parenting. Generate a list of all the additional responsibilities someone gains when they become a parent.

14. Learning Targets • Explain who can benefit from knowing about child development and parenting. • Describe the five areas of responsibilities for parents. • Identify pressures involved in sexual development. • Summarize the benefits of abstinence. • Describe the possible consequences of sexual activity. • Compare and contrast the options available to a teen parent. • Explain what it means to be sexually responsible.

15. Families Meet Many Needs • Q: In order to become well-adjusted, productive members of society, what do people need? • A: Family. • Families are the supportive structure designed to take care of people throughout life. • They supply what children need to grow and develop. • Needs: • Required for a person’s survival and proper development. • A family’s culture influences just how these functions are fulfilled. • Families fulfill needs that are emotional, physical, social, intellectual, and moral.

16. What are Emotions? • Emotions: • The feelings you have in response to thoughts, remarks and events. • Emotions are usually thought of as positive or negative, depending on the way they make you feel. • In general, positive emotions, are thought to be good feelings; negative emotions, tend to be considered unpleasant.

17. Providing Emotional Support • In a family each person feels many different emotions, which isn’t unusual. • For the well-being of the family, however, they key is to promote positive emotions and manage negative ones. • One way to promote positive emotions in the family is through emotional support.

18. The Need for Support • Emotional Support: • Everything that families do to help meet the emotional needs of each member. • Examples: • Giving Sincere Compliments • Listening • Helping Ease Another’s Concerns • Receiving emotional support from your family has many benefits, including: • Shaping Your Self-Confidence • Helping You Get Through Difficulties

19. Developing Self-Esteem • One important role of families is to raise self-confident children who see themselves as capable and of worth. • High Self-Esteem: • People who see themselves as capable and of worth. • Low Self-Esteem: • People who doubt their abilities and worth. • Self-esteem is built on all the experiences a person has in life, but it is first shaped in the family.

20. Handling Difficult Times • Families also provide emotional support to help people get through tough times. • Handling problems is easier if you don’t have to deal with them alone. • Family members are usually the first to be there when something goes wrong. • Emotionally supportive families offer shelter from the outside world. • People usually feel that they can be themselves in the family.

21. Creating a Family Bond • Emotional links in a family are usually lasting. • A sense of belonging exists. • Family members are likely to keep their interest in your life, just as you do in theirs. • Within the family, people receive affection from each other simply because they are family, not because of talents and skills they have. • Ideally, family members accept and love each other without conditions.

22. Taking the First Step • Providing emotional support is a two-way street! • One person cannot always be the giver and someone else the receiver. • Adults need emotional support as much as children and teens do. • Closeness in a family depends in part on both giving and receiving emotional support. • You can show emotional support in many ways. • Good feelings come with giving emotional support as well as receiving it.

23. Shaping Lives in the Family • Within the family, personalities are shaped. • Personality: • The characteristics that make a person unique. • Personality comes about in many ways, the family influence is very strong. • Family interaction plays a major role in how each member sees himself or herself– self-esteem.

24. Meeting Physical Needs • Physical needs include more than just providing food, housing, and clothing. • Family members also protect each other by: • Providing Health Care • Setting Rules

25. Building Social Skills • Families help people learn how to get along in society. • Socialization: • The ability to get along with others in society. • Through socialization, people learn: • How to get along with others. • What behavior is acceptable where you live. • How to be independent. • What responsibilities you have to your world.

26. Promoting Intellectual Growth • Families contribute to the intellectual development of all family members, but their impact on the children is especially important. • The family is a child’s first teacher. • Families need to be involves in a child’s formal education by: • Attending conferences. • Talking or writing to teachers and administrators. • Supporting teachers in their efforts. • Monitoring schoolwork. • Attending special events.

27. Meeting Multiple Needs • The functions of the family are linked. • Even simple actions can meet more than one need. • The methods used don’t matter as much as making sure the love and consideration provide the backdrop.

28. Needs vs. Wants • Wants: • Desired but not essential. • Although your life might not be as pleasant without the want, you can survive. • Needs motivate family behavior. • An unmet need commands attention and effort until fulfilled. • People must recognize what is truly essential for building a strong family. • Helping your family recognize real needs and then meeting them is part of being a family member.

29. The Power of Families • Because families are the foundation of society, they may change as society changes, but they are unlikely to disappear. • Families have the power to make a difference– to individuals and society. • It is this power that must be preserved and strengthened, and you can play a part in that effort.

30. What are Values? • Values: • Beliefs and principles that are based on ideas about what is right, good, and desirable. • Individuals and families decide which values are important to them. • These values may vary from one person or family member to another. • Value System: • The set of values that you have. • How you spend your time, energy, and money indicates your values. • Together, these make up your value system.

31. The Impact of Values • Some values have more impact than others. • You choose your own preferences on which values will have the largest impact.

32. A Moral Code • Moral Code: • Personal beliefs of what is right and wrong. • Many choices you might make could have harmful effects for you or for others. • Common values guide decisions and behavior in positive ways. • When these values are embraced, life is better for individuals, and society is strengthened. • Common values are also reflected in documents and laws.

33. Learning Values • Values are first learned within the family. • Families are responsible for their members’ moral development– by teaching values that belong in a person’s moral code. • Families teach values in several ways, including: • Example • Direct Teaching • Religious Training

34. Developing a Value System • Families provide the foundation for a value system, but many other influences also have an effect. • You values are tested every day in many ways. • Many influences affect your thinking in both positive and negative ways. • It’s important to stay true to your core values in your moral code.

35. Guidelines to Follow • As you develop a value system, you need to be prepared to preserve, defend, adjust, and strengthen you values. • Good judgment will help you. • Guidelines to use as your develop a value system: • Follow the rules of society. • Choose right over wrong. • Learn from others. • Know what you value. • Contribute to the family value system.

36. Acting on Values • Values mean nothing without action. • First you learn them, then you live by them. • No matter what you say, people soon see your real values through your behavior. • The same principle is true for the family value system. • A family has the responsibility to teach positive values. • As a family member, you have the responsibility to help put those values into action.

37. Chapter #3 Building Strong Families

38. Essential Question Journal Entry #C-3 • Working Together: When families work together to complete household tasks or take care of younger family members, it helps build a strong family. Write a journal entry about a time when you worked together with one or more of your family members.

39. Learning Targets • Summarize the qualities that contribute to building a strong family. • Describe the different family structures. • Discuss the trends affecting families. • List the basic categories of children’s needs. • Identify the three parenting styles. • Summarize effective ways to guide children’s behavior.

40. Qualities of Strong Families • Strong families don’t just happen. • They work to refine the skills and qualities they need to succeed. • In studying families, social scientists have identified qualities and actions that strong families share and include: • Communicating Effectively • Respecting Each Other • Showing Unity • Spending Time Together

41. The Family System • Family members, together with their particular roles, make up the family system. • Family System: • A web that ties members together. • Getting along within the family system can be a challenge. • Understanding and making relationships work can improve life within the family system.

42. Relating to Parents • Most teens have relationships with one or more adults who act in a parenting role with them. • These adult may be parents, stepparents, or legal guardians. • Most relationships between parents and teens are loving ones.

43. Understanding Parents • Parent are human! • They want to do a good job and they don’t want to make mistakes. • Parents’ Concerns: • Making a living • Providing for you • The family situation • Health • The future • You • Different Perspectives: • Understanding parents also hinges on knowing what motivates them. • They don’t always see things the same way you do– for a good reason. • Parents were raised in a different era. Their experiences and background are different from yours. • Listening and asking for help and information makes parents fell good.

44. “Budgeting Scenario” Whole-Class Hands-On Activity

45. Talking to Parents • Parents and teens can easily be on different wavelengths. • By talking to each other, they can know each other better. • Parents and teens need to talk! • Suggestions to improve communication with parents: • Take time to get to know your parents. • Try a positive attitude. • Look for easy approaches to difficult topics. • Use humor.

46. Limits and Rules • Parents don’t set limits and rules for fun. • Enforcing rules is not always easy, but it’s necessary for several reasons: • They want to be sure the family’s values are carried out. • Rules can help children develop positive qualities. • Protection • Parents loosen rules at a pace that they are comfortable with.

47. Relating to Siblings • Relationships with siblings tend to be the longest of all family ties; they last as long as the siblings do.  • Siblings: • Brothers and sisters. • Sisters and brothers in a family usually have very distinct personalities, why? • Heredity • Environment • Birth Order

48. Managing Sibling Relationships • Studies have shown that siblings do share one trait: they consistently compare how they are treated in the family. • This problem is natural. • Feelings of being “at odds” with siblings are normal. • Techniques to get along better with siblings: • Work on settling disagreements with siblings yourself. • Talk about your feelings. • Look for your own strengths instead of comparing yourself to siblings. • Avoid serious conflict with siblings.

49. Bibliography • Sasse, C.R. (2004). “Families today.” Glencoe McGraw-Hill; New York.

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