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Electromagnetic Field

Electromagnetic Field. Textbook and Reference Books. Textbook : Electromagnetic Field Theory Fundamentals , Bhag Singh Guru , Huseyin R. Hiziroglu , 机械工业出版社 Reference Books : (1)《 电磁场与电磁波 》 ,谢处方,高等教育出版社 (2)《 电磁场理论 》 ,毕德显,电子工业出版社. 总评成绩的组成:. 考核成绩占 50% ,平时成绩占 50% 。. 有下列情况之一者,取消其考试资格:.

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Electromagnetic Field

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  1. Electromagnetic Field

  2. Textbook and Reference Books Textbook: Electromagnetic Field Theory Fundamentals,Bhag Singh Guru,Huseyin R. Hiziroglu,机械工业出版社 Reference Books: (1)《电磁场与电磁波》,谢处方,高等教育出版社 (2)《电磁场理论》,毕德显,电子工业出版社

  3. 总评成绩的组成: 考核成绩占50%,平时成绩占50%。 有下列情况之一者,取消其考试资格: 1、全学期缺交作业三分之一以上; 2、旷课达10学时以上(课堂点名6次缺席)。

  4. introduction Electric Field and Magnetic Field 静止电荷产生的场表现为对其它带电体有力的作用,这种场称为电场。不随时间变化的电场称为静电场。 运动电荷或电流产生的场表现为对于磁铁和载流导体有力的作用,这种场称为磁场。不随时间变化的磁场称为静磁场。 静电场与静磁场相互无关、彼此独立,可以分别进行研究。

  5. Electromagnetic Wave 如果电荷及电流均随时间改变,它们产生的电场及磁场也是随时间变化的。时变的电场与时变的磁场可以相互转化,两者不可分割,构成统一的时变电磁场。时变电场与时变磁场之间的相互转化作用,在空间中形成了电磁波。 本课程先讨论静电场和静磁场,然后介绍时变电磁场。

  6. Propertiesof Medium 电磁场与电磁波虽然不能看见,但是客观存在的一种物质,因为它具有物质的两种重要属性:能量和质量。但是,电磁场与电磁波的质量极其微小,因此,通常仅研究电磁场与电磁波的能量特性。 电磁场与电磁波的存在和传播无需依赖于任何媒质。在没有物质存在的真空环境中,电磁场与电磁波的存在和传播会更加“自由”。因此对于电磁场与电磁波而言,真空环境通常被称为“自由空间 ”。

  7. Relationship between Electro-magnetic Field and Medium 当空间中存在媒质时,在电磁场的作用下媒质中会发生极化与磁化现象,结果在媒质中产生二次电场及磁场,从而改变了媒质中原先的场分布,这就是场与媒质的相互作用现象。

  8. Sources of Electromagnetic Field 电荷及电流是产生电磁场惟一的源。至今,人们尚未发现自然界中存在磁荷及磁流。然而,有时引入磁荷及磁流的概念是十分有益的,但是,它们仅是假想的。研究场与源的关系是电磁理论的基本问题之一。我们将详述场与源,以及场与媒质之间的关系,并且给予严格的数学描述。

  9. Review of Events in History 19世纪以前,电、磁现象作为两个独立的物理现象,人们没有发现电与磁的联系。 Important events 1785: Coulomb’s law 1820: magnetic effect of current (Oersted), Ampere’s force law 1831: Faraday’s law of induction 1863: displacement current, Maxwell’s equations 1888: Hertz proved the existence of electromagnetic wave by experiment.

  10. Applications of Electromagnetic Field and Electromagnetic Wave 静电复印、静电除尘以及静电喷漆等技术都是基于静电场对于带电粒子具有力的作用。 电磁铁、磁悬浮轴承以及磁悬浮列车等,都是利用磁场力的作用。 当今的无线通信、广播、雷达、遥控遥测、微波遥感、无线因特网、无线局域网、卫星定位以及光纤通信等信息技术都是利用电磁波作为媒介传输信息的。

  11. 接收天线 发射天线 馈线 馈线 下行波 接收机 发射机 导行波 无线通信系统 发射机末级回路产生的高频振荡电流经过馈线送到发射天线,通过发射天线将其转换成电磁波辐射出去;到了接收端,电磁波在接收天线上感生高频振荡电流,再经馈线将高频振荡电流送到接收机输入回路,这就完成了信息的传递。整个过程中,经历了电磁波的传输、发射、传播、接收等过程。 传输——导行电磁波( 导波理论 ) 发射和接收——天线( 天线理论 ) 传播——入射、反射、透射、绕射( 电波传播 )

  12. Main Contents of This Course 电磁场的基本属性及其运动规律 电磁波与物质的相互作用 电磁场问题的计算方法

  13. Aims, Methods and Requirements 掌握宏观电磁场的基本属性和运动规律 掌握宏观电磁场问题的基本求解方法 训练分析问题、归纳问题的科学方法 培养用数学工具解决实际问题的能力 精读教材,做好预习和复习 独立完成作业

  14. Difficulty Methods to analyze and deal with problems —— Process of mathematical treatment Vector Analysis

  15. Chapter 1 Vector Analysis Main Contents • 矢量的基本概念和运算 • 常用坐标系 • 场论基础(标量场的梯度,矢量场的散度和旋度)

  16. Vector analysis is the language used in the study of electromagnetic fields. It’s useful to simplify and unify field equations. For example, the cross product of two vectors is In the rectangular coordinate system, Three scalar equations are 1.1 Introduction of Vector Analysis When expressed in scalar form, this equation yields a set of three scalar equations. The appearance of these scalar equations depends upon the coordinate system.

  17. velocity electric field intensity force 1.2 Scalar and Vector Quantities 1.2.1 Scalar a physical quantity that can be completely described by its magnitude mass ( m), time ( t ), work ( W), electric charge ( q) 1.2.2 Vector a physical quantity having a magnitude as well as a direction

  18. 1. Graphical representation of a vector A vector quantity is depicted by a line segment. The magnitude of the vector is represented by the length of the line segment. The direction of the vector is indicated by an arrow. Parallel arrows of equal length in the same direction represent the same vector.

  19. is the unit vector in the same direction of ∴ 2. means having the same magnitude and direction The direction of zero vector is arbitrary. 3. Zero vector a vector of magnitude zero 4. Unit vectora vector of unit magnitude Ais the magnitude

  20. 1.3 Vector Operations 1.3.1 Vector Addition 1. Parallelogram Method 2. Triangle Method

  21. 3. Commutative Law of Addition 4. Associative Law of Addition

  22. 1.3.2 Vector Subtraction

  23. 1. or 2. k > 0, is in the same direction as . k < 0, is in the opposite direction from . 3. is a dependent vector. 4. ; 1.3.3 Multiplication of a Vector by a Scalar

  24. (2) 若两轴 不相交,则可自空间中的任一点 S 引两轴l1和l2,使之分别与 平行,且有相同指向,l1和l2的夹角即为 间的夹角。 1.3.4 Product of Two Vectors Angle between two vectors? • Angle between two axes( axis : a straight line having a direction ) (1) 若两轴 l1 和 l2 相交于点 S ,在两轴决定的平面上,把其中一轴绕点 S 旋转,使它的正向与另一轴的正向重合时所需要旋转的角度,称为两轴间的夹角。一般规定两轴间的夹角限定在0与p之间,且不区分轴的顺序。

  25. 1. Dot Product (1) Dot product is a scalar. ( scalar product ) (2) The dot product is maximum when the two vectors are parallel. (q =0, p ) (3) If the dot product of two nonzero vectors is zero, the two vectors are orthogonal. (q = p/2 ) ∵ Zero vector is thought to be orthogonal to any vector.

  26. (4) Basic Properties of the Dot Product Commutative: Distributive: Scaling:

  27. (5) the scalar projection of on (6) the vector projection of on Scalar projection may be positive or negative.

  28. (7) angle between and (8)

  29. q: angle between and :垂直于 和 决定 的平面的单位矢量。右手四指由 的正向旋转q 角后与 的正向重合,大拇指的指向为 的方向。 2. Cross Product 绝对值符号可去掉 q

  30. 确定的平面是黑板面 垂直黑板面向内 q 垂直黑板面向外

  31. (2) (3) two nonzero vectors are parallel (4) If and are the two sides of a parallelogram, then (1) The cross product of two vectors is a vector. ( vector product ) two cases:

  32. Distributive: Scaling: (5) Basic Properties of the Cross Product Commutative law doesn’t exist.

  33. (2) 3. Scalar Triple Product (1) If the three vectors represent the sides of a parallelepiped, then the scalar triple product yields its volume.

  34. variables: unit vectors: position vector (directed from the origin O to point P ) 1.4 The Coordinate Systems 1.4.1 Rectangular coordinate system constant vectors X, Y, and Z are the scalar projections of the position vector on the x, y, and z axes.

  35. 1. 常数的平面,且指向 x 增大的方向。

  36. 在点 分解成沿 三个相互正交方向的分量, 注意:上式中的 与点 P 的位置无关。 2. Representation of a vector

  37. 3. , then

  38. 4. Angles makes with the x, y, and z axes are . 5. ∵ 和 的夹角q 由下式计算: 现在 分别是 。

  39. 1. variables 1.4.2 Cylindrical Coordinate System r:位矢OP 在 xy 平面的投影 f :+x轴至平面OTPM的夹角 z :位矢OP在 z 轴上的标投影

  40. 2. unit vectors is a constant vector, and change directions asf varies. For example, 3. position vector 在P点上, 常数的圆柱面,且指向 r 增大的方向; 常数的平面,且指向f 增大的方向。

  41. 4.

  42. 在点 分解成沿 三个相互正交方向的分量, 注意:上式中的 与点 P 的 f 坐标有关。 5. Representation of a vector

  43. 6.If two vectors and are defined either at a commonpoint or in aplane, we can add, subtract, and multiply these vectors as we did in the rectangular coordinate system. For example, if the two vectors at point are and , then,

  44. 7. 若 定义在点 上, 定义在点 上,且 ,则必须首先把 和 转换成矩坐标系中的矢量,然后进行运算。 8. Transformation of Unit Vectors

  45. 矢量的起始点P的f 坐标 matrixA For example,

  46. ∴ 矢量的起始点P的f 坐标 9. Transformation of a Vector

  47. 1. variables 1.4.3 Spherical Coordinate System r :位矢OP 的大小 q :位矢OP与+ z 轴的夹角 f :+ x 轴至平面OMPN的夹角

  48. all change directions as q or f varies. 2. unit vectors 3. position vector 在P点上, 常数的球面,且指向 r增大的方向; 常数的圆锥面,且指向q 增大的方向。

  49. 4.

  50. 5. 若矢量 和 定义在同一点 或同一径向线 的不同点上,则矢量加法、减法和乘积运算规则与矩坐标系中的相同。 否则,需首先把 和 转换成矩坐标系中的矢量,然后进行运算。

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