1 / 29

Table of Contents

Classification of Organisms. Chapter 17. Table of Contents. Section 1 Biodiversity Section 2 Systematics Section 3 Modern Classification. Section 1 Biodiversity. Chapter 17. Objectives. Relate biodiversity to biological classification.

cynara
Download Presentation

Table of Contents

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. Classification of Organisms Chapter 17 Table of Contents Section 1 Biodiversity Section 2 Systematics Section 3 Modern Classification

  2. Section 1 Biodiversity Chapter 17 Objectives • Relatebiodiversity to biological classification. • Explainwhy naturalists replaced Aristotle’s classification system. • Identifythe main criterion that Linnaeus used to classify organisms. • Listthe common levels of modern classification from general to specific.

  3. Section 1 Biodiversity Chapter 17 Classifying Organisms • Naturalists have invented several systems for categorizing biodiversity, which is the variety of organisms considered at all levels from populations to ecosystems.

  4. Section 1 Biodiversity Chapter 17 Taxonomy • Naturalists replaced Aristotle’s classification system because it did not adequately cover all organisms and because his use of common names was problematic. • Taxonomyis the science of describing, naming, and classifying organisms.

  5. Section 1 Biodiversity Chapter 17 Taxonomy, continued • The Linnaean System • Carolus Linnaeus devised a seven-level hierarchical system for classifying organisms according to their form and structure. • From the most general to the most specific,the levels are kingdom, phylum, class, order, family,genus, and species.

  6. Section 1 Biodiversity Chapter 17 Classification Hierarchy of Organisms

  7. Section 1 Biodiversity Chapter 17 Linnaeus’s Levels of Classification Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

  8. Section 1 Biodiversity Chapter 17 Levels of Classification • Binomial Nomenclature • An important part of Linnaeus’s system was assigning each species a two-part scientific name—a genus name, such as Homo, and a species identifier, such as sapiens. • This system of a two-part name is known as binomial nomenclature.

  9. Section 2 Systematics Chapter 17 Objectives • Identifythe kinds of evidence that modern biologists use in classifying organisms. • Explainwhat information a phylogenetic diagram displays. • Statethe criteria used in cladistic analysis. • Describehow a cladogram is made. • Discusshow proteins and chromosomes are used to classify organisms. • Explaincladistic taxonomy, and identify one conclusion that is in conflict with classical taxonomy.

  10. Section 2 Systematics Chapter 17 Phylogenetics • A modern approach to taxonomy is systematics, which analyzes the diversity of organisms in the context of their natural relationships. • When classifying organisms, scientists consider fossils, homologous features, embryos, chromosomes, and the sequences of proteins and DNA.

  11. Section 2 Systematics Chapter 17 Phylogenetics, continued • A phylogenetic diagram displays how closely related a subset of taxa are thought to be.

  12. Section 2 Systematics Chapter 17 Phylogeny Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

  13. Section 2 Systematics Chapter 17 Phylogenetics, continued • Evidence of Shared Ancestry • Homologous features as well as similarities in patterns of embryological development provide information about common ancestry.

  14. Section 2 Systematics Chapter 17 Cladistics • Cladisticsuses shared, derived characters as the only criterion for grouping taxa.

  15. Section 2 Systematics Chapter 17 Cladogram: Major Groups of Plants

  16. Section 2 Systematics Chapter 17 Cladistics, continued • Molecular Cladistics • Molecular similarities (such as similar amino acid or nucleotide sequences), as well as chromosome comparisons, can help determine common ancestry.

  17. Section 2 Systematics Chapter 17 Cladistics, continued • Chromosomes • Analyzing karyotypes can provide more information on evolutionary relationships.

  18. Section 2 Systematics Chapter 17 Similarities in Amino Acid Sequences

  19. Section 2 Systematics Chapter 17 Cladistics Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

  20. Section 2 Systematics Chapter 17 Phylogenetic Diagram of Mammals

  21. Section 3 Modern Classification Chapter 17 Objectives • Describethe evidence that prompted the invention of the three-domain system of classification. • Listthe characteristics that distinguish between the domains Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. • Describethe six-kingdom system of classification. • Identifyproblematic taxa in the six-kingdom system. • Explainwhy taxonomic systems continue to change.

  22. Section 3 Modern Classification Chapter 17 The Tree of Life • Revising the Tree • The phylogenetic analysis of rRNA nucleotide sequences by Carol Woese led to a new “tree of life” consisting of three domains aligned with six kingdoms.

  23. Section 3 Modern Classification Chapter 17 Three Domains of Life • The three domains areBacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.

  24. Section 3 Modern Classification Chapter 17 Three Domains of Life, continued • Domain Bacteria • Domain Bacteria aligns with Kingdom Eubacteria, which consists of single-celled prokaryotes that are true bacteria.

  25. Section 3 Modern Classification Chapter 17 Three Domains of Life, continued • Domain Archaea • Domain Archaea aligns with Kingdom Archaebacteria, which consists of single-celled prokaryotes that have distinctive cell membranes and cell walls.

  26. Section 3 Modern Classification Chapter 17 Three Domains of Life, continued • Domain Eukarya • Domain Eukaryaincludes the kingdoms Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. • All members of this domain have eukaryotic cells.

  27. Section 3 Modern Classification Chapter 17 Phylogenetic Diagram of Major Groups of Organisms

  28. Section 3 Modern Classification Chapter 17 Six Kingdoms

  29. Section 3 Modern Classification Chapter 17 Kingdom and Domain Characteristics

More Related