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AP Chapter 13. Coming To Terms With The New Age. Patterns of Immigration. Starting in the 1820s their was a surge in immigration to the U.S. Most immigrants came from Germany (political/economic) and Ireland (famine) and many were Catholic
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AP Chapter 13 Coming To Terms With The New Age
Patterns of Immigration • Starting in the 1820s their was a surge in immigration to the U.S. • Most immigrants came from Germany (political/economic) and Ireland (famine) and many were Catholic • Factories needed the unskilled laborers and led to the rise of nativism • Working and living conditions were harsh
Signs would often read ‘No Irish Need Apply” and most settled in NYC and Boston • Most Germans settled in PA and were wealthier than the Irish • Germans formed their own towns and created their own schools, churches which attracted more Germans • Gold Rush in California attracted Chinese immigrants to the mines
Almost all immigrants moved into ethnic neighborhoods to protect themselves from the nativist • Urban centers population skyrocketed during this migration period • Newspapers would depict Irish as monkeys and blacks • Life in America was hard on the 1st generation of immigrants but eased for 2nd and 3rd generations
The Market System • Led to the rise of larger cities • Cities located along major transportation routes grew in wealth • Benefits of the market system were unevenly distributed • Large gap between the rich and poor • Water systems were poorly regulated and outbreaks of diseases was common
Cities were slow to respond to outbreaks and the wealthy often fled the cities to their country estates • Penny Papers were a common form of communication for the poor • Whitman and Edgar Allan Poe written works appeared in these papers • Crime was high and NYC did not create a police force until 1845
African Americans in the north lived in cities and competed with immigrants and poor whites for jobs • Most faced segregation and job discrimination • African Americans would cluster into certain areas and create their own communities which were often poor
The Union Movement • Early union organizations were very similar to party politics • Skilled workers across different trade lines would band together and formed the General Trades Union (GTU) in 1833 • The goal was to improve working conditions and wages for their members
Big City Machines • Machine politics would represent the class structure of a particular city • Machines would use the immigrant votes to gain power • Early NYC Irish immigrants quickly became Democrats • Tammany Society- the most powerful machine in NYC
Machines would hold rallies and parades to gain support • Often times votes were exchanged for govt. positions, community donations or just out of fear • Machines were controlled by the “Boss” and were often corrupt • Once in power political machines would then bribe, launder or steal money from the taxpayers
Evangelism, reform and Social Control • New middle class preached a moral reform in America • Evangelicals were very hostile towards the new Catholic immigrants • Temperance and sabbatarism (no business on Sunday) became popular
Education and Women teachers • Women became deeply involved in reform movements and many focused on education • Horace Mann- pushed for public education in Massachusetts • Mann pushed for education funded by taxes, uniformity in curriculum, and better teacher training • Mann wanted grades based by age rather than one large classroom
Temperance • American Society for the Promotion of Temperance (1826)- largest organization that tried to deal with the evils of alcohol • Many felt (women/religious people) America had a drinking problem • Many felt that it led to poverty, violence and was supported by the Whigs and opposed by the Democrats
Moral Reform, Asylums, and Prisons • Female Moral Reform Society- was the most successful anti-prostitution group in NYC • Dorothea Dix led the movement to help the mentally ill out of asylums • Many of the mentally ill lived in cages and were treated like animals • Massachusetts was one of the first states with a mental asylum
Shakers- followers of Mother Ann Lee who preached a religion of strict celibacy and communal living • Mormonism- led by Joseph Smith and preached strong unity to the group • Moved form NY to OH to MI, then to IL • Many disliked Mormons b/c of their unity and were polygamists • Smith was killed by a mob and Brigham Young moved the Mormons to Utah
Abolitionism • American Colonization Society (1817) called for the emancipation of the slaves and the removal of freed blacks to Africa only 1,400 actually went • William Lloyd Garrison, Frederick Douglas, Harriett Tubman and Sojourner Truth all wanted to abolish slavery
Garrison radicalized the northern abolitionist movement • Douglas, Truth and Grimke Sisters (White) wrote and spoke about their experiences with slavery • Frederick Douglas wrote the North Star • Abolitionists were growing in number and political power throughout the Antebellum period
Abolitionist Leaders • Harriet Beecher Stowe- wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin (account of slavery) • Very controversial in the south • Lincoln described her as the “little women whose book made such a great war.” • Several books were written during this time period exposing the problems of slavery
Women's Rights Movement • Sarah and Angelina Grimke’s family were slave owners and hated it • They were very anti-slavery but also criticized b/c they were vocal women • Many women found it difficult to be heard in the reform movements b/c of their gender
Seneca Falls Convention (1848) • Led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton & Lucretia Mott • Preached “all men and women are created equal.” • Women become active in the abolitionist movement. • Declaration of Sentiments- called for equality for men and women.
Conclusion • Reform movements of the Antebellum period were extremely successful in getting female support • Immigrants faced discrimination and poverty when they came to America • Abolitionist movement was divided amongst its members on how to achieve the emancipation
