CHAPTER 11 Metals and Alloys

1. قسم الهندسة الميكانيكية Mechanical Engineering Department, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia CHAPTER 11 Metals and Alloys

2. قسم الهندسة الميكانيكية Mechanical Engineering Department, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia OBJECTIVES... • How are metal alloys classified and how are they used? • What are some of the common fabrication techniques? • How do properties vary throughout a piece of material that has been quenched, for example? • How can properties be modified by post heat treatment?

3. Classification of Metals Metal Alloys Ferrous Nonferrous Steels Cast Irons Steels Cast Irons Cu Al Mg Ti <1.4wt%C <1.4wt%C 3-4.5wt%C 3-4.5 wt%C microstructure: T(°C) ferrite, graphite 1600 قسم الهندسة الميكانيكية d cementite L 1400 Mechanical Engineering Department, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia g +L g L+Fe3C 1200 1148°C austenite Eutectic: 4.30 1000 g a +Fe3C + Fe C 800 a g 3 727°C ferrite Eutectoid: cementite a +Fe3C 600 0.76 400 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 6.7 Co, wt% C (Fe) Adapted from Fig. 11.1, Callister 7e.

4. Steels High Alloy Low Alloy low carbon Med carbon high carbon <0.25wt%C 0.25-0.6wt%C 0.6-1.4wt%C heat austenitic Name plain HSLA plain plain tool treatable stainless Cr,V Cr, Ni Cr, V, Additions none none none Cr, Ni, Mo Ni, Mo Mo Mo, W Example 1010 4310 1040 43 40 1095 4190 304 0 + + ++ ++ +++ 0 Hardenability - 0 + ++ + ++ 0 TS increasing strength, cost, decreasing ductility + + 0 - - -- ++ EL high T pistons Uses auto bridges crank wear drills applic. gears struc. towers shafts applic. saws turbines wear sheet press. bolts dies furnaces applic. vessels hammers V. corros. blades resistant Based on data provided in Tables 11.1(b), 11.2(b), 11.3, and 11.4, Callister 7e.

5. قسم الهندسة الميكانيكية Mechanical Engineering Department, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia Ferrous Alloys Iron containing – Steels - cast irons Nomenclature AISI & SAE 10xx Plain Carbon Steels 11xx Plain Carbon Steels (resulfurized for machinability) 15xx Mn (10 ~ 20%) 40xx Mo (0.20 ~ 0.30%) 43xx Ni (1.65 - 2.00%), Cr (0.4 - 0.90%), Mo (0.2 - 0.3%) 44xx Mo (0.5%) where xx is wt% C x 100 example: 1060 steel – plain carbon steel with 0.60 wt% C Stainless Steel -- >11% Cr

6. قسم الهندسة الميكانيكية Mechanical Engineering Department, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia Cast Iron • Ferrous alloys with > 2.1 wt% C • more commonly 3 - 4.5 wt%C • low melting (also brittle) so easiest to cast • Cementite decomposes to ferrite + graphite Fe3C  3 Fe () + C (graphite) • generally a slow process

7. T(°C) 1600 L 1400 Liquid + Graphite g +L 1200 g 1153°C Austenite 4.2 wt% C 1000 قسم الهندسة الميكانيكية  + Graphite a + g 800 Mechanical Engineering Department, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia 740°C 0.65 600  + Graphite 400 90 0 100 1 2 3 4 Co, wt% C (Fe) Fe-C True Equilibrium Diagram • Graphite formation promoted by • Si > 1 wt% • slow cooling

8. قسم الهندسة الميكانيكية Mechanical Engineering Department, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia Types of Cast Iron Gray iron • graphite flakes • weak & brittle under tension • stronger under compression • excellent vibrational dampening • wear resistant Ductile iron • add Mg or Ce • graphite in nodules not flakes • matrix often pearlite - better ductility Adapted from Fig. 11.3(a) & (b), Callister 7e.

9. قسم الهندسة الميكانيكية Mechanical Engineering Department, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia Types of Cast Iron White iron • <1wt% Si so harder but brittle • more cementite Malleable iron • heat treat at 800-900ºC • graphite in rosettes • more ductile Adapted from Fig. 11.3(c) & (d), Callister 7e.

10. قسم الهندسة الميكانيكية Mechanical Engineering Department, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia Limitations of Ferrous Alloys • Relatively high density • Relatively low conductivity • Poor corrosion resistance

11. Nonferrous Alloys • Cu Alloys • Al Alloys r Brass:Zn is subst. impurity -lower : 2.7g/cm3 (costume jewelry, coins, -Cu, Mg, Si, Mn, Zn additions corrosion resistant) -solid sol. or precip. Bronze : Sn, Al, Si, Ni are strengthened (struct. subst. impurity aircraft parts (bushings, landing & packaging) gear) NonFerrous • Mg Alloys Cu-Be : قسم الهندسة الميكانيكية r -very low : 1.7g/cm3 Alloys precip. hardened -ignites easily for strength Mechanical Engineering Department, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia - aircraft, missiles • Ti Alloys • Refractory metals r -lower : 4.5g/cm3 -high melting T vs 7.9 for steel • Noble metals -Nb, Mo, W, Ta -Ag, Au, Pt -reactive at high T - oxid./corr. resistant - space applic. Based on discussion and data provided in Section 11.3, Callister 7e.