Reproduction

1. Reproduction

2. Humans • Sexual Reproduction • Involves _____ parents • Increases genetic _________

3. REVIEW • Gametogenesis is the formation of male and female ________________. • Female = ____________ • Male = ______________ • Occurs by the process of __________ • Reduces chromosome # by ___________

4. Male Reproductive System

5. Male Reproductive System • Testes • Male gonads • Makes sperm • Contained in scrotum

6. Male Reproductive System • Vas Deferens • Carries sperm from testes to urethra • When this tube is cut, it is called a vasectomy

7. Male Reproductive System • Prostate Gland • Secretes a fluid that nourishes sperm and produces semen • Seminal Vesicle makes fluid that contains proteins, enzymes, fructose, mucus, vitamin C and other chemicals.

8. Male Reproductive System • Penis • Deposits sperm into female reproductive tract

9. Female Reproductive System

10. Female Reproductive System • Ovaries • Female gonads • Make eggs (contained in follicles) • Once a woman stops making viable eggs, she is no longer fertile and has gone through menopause • Fun Fact: A girl is born with about 400,000 immature ova already formed in the ovaries. Only about 400 will mature into eggs in her lifetime.

11. Female Reproductive System • Fallopian Tubes/Oviduct • Egg is pulled into oviduct by cilia • Site of fertilization

12. Female Reproductive System • Uterus (womb) • Muscular organ where fertilized egg implants and develops • Cervix is opening to uterus • It dilates during birth

13. Female Reproductive System • Vagina • Passageway for sperm • Birth canal

14. Female Reproductive System • Menstrual Cycle • Begins between ages of 10-14 • A mature egg is released from follicle in ovary every 27-30 days

15. Female Reproductive System • Menstrual Cycle (continued) • 4 Stages • 1. Follicle Stage • Egg matures in ovary • 2.Ovulation • Follicle bursts & egg is released • 3. Corpus Luteum Stage • Hormones cause progesterone to be made, which stimulates thickening of uterine wall • 4. Menstruation • Shedding of uterine wall (if fertilized egg is not present)

16. Fertilization • Egg and Sperm meet in oviduct • Zygote is formed • Zygote undergoes mitosis (cleavage) and becomes embryo

17. Development • 1. Zygote • 7. Blastula • 11. Gastrula

18. Gastrula Ectoderm-Skin and Nervous System Mesoderm-Muscles and Heart Endoderm-Digestive Tract and Respiratory System

19. Development • Twins • Identical Twins: • 1 egg and 1 sperm • Fertilized egg splits • Fraternal Twins: • 2 eggs and 2 sperm

20. Development • Once the zygote travels to the uterus, it implants itself in the uterine wall. • The placenta provides an exchange of materials between the mother and embryo. • Placenta is connected to embryo by umbilical cord

21. Development

22. External Fertilization/Development • In fish, external fertilization and development

23. Internal Fertilization/External Development • Frogs and Birds

24. Chicken Egg Anatomy

25. Developing Chicken Embryo

26. Asexual Reproduction • Mitosis produces exact copies • Involves 1 “parent”

27. Types of Asexual Reproduction • Binary Fission • Budding • Sporulation • Regeneration • Parthenogenisis • Vegetative Propogation

28. Binary Fission

29. Budding

30. Sporulation

31. Regeneration

32. Parthenogenesis • Certain organisms can reproduce without fertilization • Ex. Bees, worms, snails, etc.

33. Vegetative Propagation • Plants (aka vegetables) can reproduce new offspring without fertilization • Runners • Bulbs • Tubers • Cuttings • Grafting

34. Runners • Stems grow out of the existing stems

35. Bulbs • Bulbous root is underground and stores food and sprouts a new plant

36. Tubers • Underground root that has stored starch which is used to feed new growths

37. Cuttings and Grafting • Cuttings and graftings are “artificial” • Cuttings use a part of the root, stem or leaf to re-grow a new plant. • Graftings take a cutting from one plant and attaches it to a different plant

38. Cuttings

39. Grafting

40. Grafting