1 / 100

Chapter 18 Organic Chemistry

Chapter 18 Organic Chemistry. Objectives. 18.1 Write and interpret structural formulas of linear, branched, and cyclic alkanes , alkenes, and alkynes 18.1 Distinguish among isomers of a given hydrocarbon 18.1 Infer the relationship between fossil fuels and organic chemicals. Objectives.

cree
Download Presentation

Chapter 18 Organic Chemistry

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. Chapter 18 Organic Chemistry

  2. Objectives • 18.1Write and interpret structural formulas of linear, branched, and cyclic alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes • 18.1 Distinguish among isomers of a given hydrocarbon • 18.1 Infer the relationship between fossil fuels and organic chemicals

  3. Objectives • 18.2Compare and contrast the structures of the major classes of substituted hydrocarbons • 18.2 Summarize properties and uses of each class of substituted hydrocarbons • 18.3 Identify monomers that form specific polymers; draw structural formulas for polymers made from given monomers.

  4. Objectives • 18.3Differentiate between condensation and addition polymerization reactions • 18.3 Summarize the relationship between structure and properties of polymers

  5. Quiz 1 Organic Chemistry • Naming of Organic Molecules • Anes, enes, ynes, cyclic, substituted including halogens and alcohols • Drawing of Organic Molecules • Differences and General properties between Alkanes, Alkenes, Alkynes, and Aromatic Organic Molecules

  6. Quiz 2 Organic Chemistry • Isomers • Organic Reactions • Functional Groups (by memory) • Biological Connection • Proteins, Carbohydrates, Lipids, Nucleic Acids

  7. Organic Chemistry • The chemistry of carbon compounds. • Carbon has the ability to form long chains. • Without this property, large biomolecules such as proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids could not form.

  8. Hydrocarbons • Four basic types: • Alkanes • Alkenes • Alkynes • Aromatic hydrocarbons • With many different functional groups

  9. Alkanes • Only single bonds. • Able to rotate freely (unlike other groups) • Saturated hydrocarbons. • “Saturated” with hydrogens. • Unreactive (unlike other groups

  10. Structure of Alkanes • Tetrahedral geometry. • 109.5° bond angles.

  11. Structure of Alkanes • Free rotation about C—C bonds.

  12. Alkenes • Contain at least one carbon–carbon double bond. • 120 degree angles • Unsaturated. • Have fewer than maximum number of hydrogens. • More reactive than alkane, less than alkyne

  13. Structure of Alkenes • Unlike alkanes, alkenes cannot rotate freely about the double bond. • Fixed bond • Reactive bonds (useful for digestion)

  14. Alkynes • Contain at least one carbon–carbon triple bond. • Also unsaturated (more unsaturated) • More reactive then alkenes

  15. Formulas • Lewis structures of alkanes look like this. • Also called structural formulas. • Skeletal when only carbon and groups drawn

  16. Formulas condensed formulas are useful at times

  17. Cycloalkanes • Carbon can also form ringed structures. • Five- and six-membered rings are most stable. • Can take on conformation in which angles are very close to tetrahedral angle. • Smaller rings are quite strained.

  18. Aromatic Hydrocarbons • Cyclic Carbon chain of 6 with double bonds shared amongst the center

  19. Aromatic Nomenclature Many aromatic hydrocarbons are known by their common names.

  20. Reactions of Aromatic Compounds • Electrons are delocalized; this stabilizes aromatic compounds. • Middle electrons are shared

  21. Structure of Aromatic Compounds • Two substituents on a benzene ring could have three possible relationships • O(ortho)-: On adjacent carbons. • M(meta)-: One carbon between them. • P(para)-: On opposite sides of ring.

  22. Properties of Alkanes • Boiling point increases with length of chain.

  23. Your typical soap

  24. Organic Nomenclature • Three parts to a compound name: • Base: Tells how many carbons are in the longest continuous chain.

  25. Organic Nomenclature • Three parts to a compound name: • Base: Tells how many carbons are in the longest continuous chain. • Suffix: Tells what type of compound it is.

  26. Organic Nomenclature • Three parts to a compound name: • Base: Tells how many carbons are in the longest continuous chain. • Suffix: Tells what type of compound it is. • Prefix: Tells what groups are attached to chain.

  27. To Name a Compound… • Find the longest chain in the molecule. • Number the chain from the end nearest the first substituent encountered. • List the substituents as a prefix along with the number(s) of the carbon(s) to which they are attached. • Ending becomes - yl

  28. Nomenclature of Alkynes 4-methyl-2-pentyne • Analogous to naming of alkenes. • Suffix is -yne rather than –ene.

  29. Nomenclature of Alkenes • Chain numbered so double bond gets smallest possible number. • cis- alkenes have carbons in chain on same side of molecule. • trans- alkenes have carbons in chain on opposite side of molecule.

  30. Organic Prefixes (Important Slide) • Meth = 1 Hex = 6 • Eth = 2 Hept = 7 • Prop = 3 Octa= 8 • But = 4 Non =9 • Penta = 5 Dec = 10

  31. To Name a Compound… If there is more than one type of substituent in the molecule, list them alphabetically.

  32. Quiz 2 Organic Chemistry • Isomers • Organic Reactions • Functional Groups (by memory) • Biological Connection • Proteins, Carbohydrates, Nucleic Acids

  33. Functional Groups Term used to refer to parts of organic molecules where reactions tend to occur.

  34. Note • For second quiz, you will recognize structures by name and vice versa • A vocabulary if you will • Don’t need to know general info about them (except OH/F)

More Related