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The Fate of Poison in Organism: Toxicology Overview

Discover the mutual interaction between poison and organism, exploring pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics. Learn about biotransformation processes, metabolic pathways, and the importance of understanding toxicological findings for effective therapy.

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The Fate of Poison in Organism: Toxicology Overview

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  1. TOXICOLOGYI. The fate of poison in organism M. Balíková M. Balíková: The Fate of Poison

  2. What is the poison The substance which after the resorption into the blood stream can induce the harmful effects to the organism Toxic effects: • contemporary • with permanent damage to organs • fatal Mutual action between poison and organism: PHARMACODYNAMICS (What does the poison to the organism?) PHARMACOKINETICS (What does the organism to the poison?) M. Balíková: The Fate of Poison

  3. The fate of poison in organism • Application mode and bioavailability,metabolism Inhalation-Sniffing-Injection-Ingestion-Dermal • Resorption into blood stream • Distribution into tissues • Biotransformation into metabolites • Elimination ways: a) Urine – polar compounds b) Feaces – lipophilic compounds c) Lungs – gases, volatiles d) Hair – deposits of basic compounds above all e) Saliva – hydrophilic/lipophilic f) Sweat – hydrophilic/lipophilic M. Balíková: The Fate of Poison

  4. OVERVIEW M. Balíková: The Fate of Poison

  5. The individual variation in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics a) Variation in effects (receptors) b) Variation in metabolism (enzymes) • Genetics (e. g. variation among races) • Sex • Age • Actual health state • Life style, tolerance • The mode of application, drug mixtures M. Balíková: The Fate of Poison

  6. Biotransformation: Modification of the chemical structure of parent compound in organism, catalysed by enzymes • Metabolites with different potency • Most of enzymes bound in hepatocytes • The liver and the first pass metabolism • Lipophilic compounds – extensive metabolism • Polar metabolites – excreted by urine M. Balíková: The Fate of Poison

  7. 1st phase Oxidation (P450 system) Reduction Hydrolysis 2nd phase-conjugation Sulphuric acid Glucuronic ac. Glycine Cysteine Glutathione Biotransformation: M. Balíková: The Fate of Poison

  8. Oxidation of alcohols M. Balíková: The Fate of Poison

  9. Oxidation of unsaturated bonds M. Balíková: The Fate of Poison

  10. O-Dealkylation M. Balíková: The Fate of Poison

  11. N-Dealkylation M. Balíková: The Fate of Poison

  12. N-Oxidation M. Balíková: The Fate of Poison

  13. S-Oxidation M. Balíková: The Fate of Poison

  14. Oxidative desulphuration M. Balíková: The Fate of Poison

  15. Oxidative deamination M. Balíková: The Fate of Poison

  16. Reduction of aldehydes, ketones M. Balíková: The Fate of Poison

  17. Reduction of nitrogroups M. Balíková: The Fate of Poison

  18. Hydrolysis of esters M. Balíková: The Fate of Poison

  19. Hydrolysis of amides M. Balíková: The Fate of Poison

  20. Hydrolysis of benzodiazepines M. Balíková: The Fate of Poison

  21. Biotransformation of Salicylates CONJUGATION with GLYCINE M. Balíková: The Fate of Poison

  22. CONJUGATION of MORPHINE M. Balíková: The Fate of Poison

  23. Biotransformation of heroin, codeine cccc111111AAAAA M. Balíková: The Fate of Poison

  24. Biotransformationofcocaine M. Balíková: The Fate of Poison

  25. Biotransformation of methamphetamine M. Balíková: The Fate of Poison

  26. Biotransformation of 9-THC M. Balíková: The Fate of Poison

  27. Nonspecific metabolites of some benzodiazepines M. Balíková: The Fate of Poison

  28. Specific metabolites of flunitrazepam M. Balíková: The Fate of Poison

  29. Metabolism of paracetamol Acetaminophen (COLDREX, KORYLAN, PANADOL) Risk of hepatotoxicity Hepatoprotection Antidotum N-Acetylcystein M. Balíková: The Fate of Poison

  30. Why to care about biotransformation • Development of a toxicological method • Interpretation of toxicological findings • Understanding of drug effects • Correct and effective therapy, reduction of adverse drug effects M. Balíková: The Fate of Poison

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