MOSAIC 2: GRAMMAR

1. MOSAIC 2: GRAMMAR “Life belongs to the living and he who lives must be prepared for changes”

2. Chapter 5: Transitions Adverb Clauses of Cause, Result and Time

3. Part One Clauses and related structures of time: Future Time

4. 5.1 Transitions of Sequence

5. Practice • Learning to walk • Learning to climb stairs • Learning to eat by oneself • Learning to write • Learning to swim • Learning to skip • Learning to read

6. 5.2 Time Clauses with the Present, Present Perfect, and Future Tenses.

7. 5.2 Time Clauses with the Present, Present Perfect, and Future Tenses.

8. 5.2 Time Clauses with the Present, Present Perfect, and Future Tenses.

9. 5. 3Time Clauses with the Simple Present and Future Perfect (Continuous) Tenses.

10. With Phrases

11. 5. 4 Placement and Punctuation of Adverb Clauses and Phrases

12. 5. 4 Placement and Punctuation of Adverb Clauses and Phrases

13. Practice Use your own knowledge and experience to follow an infant through its life. Name the child and then use when, before, after, until, or by the time that and a variety of present and future verb tenses. Write at least 8 sentences describing his or her development. Be sure to include emotional, educational and physical factors

14. Practice Example: When she is 13, she’ll be entering high school. By age 16 she’ll have finished two years of high school. • Age 6 • Age 13 • Age 16 • Age 25 • Age 40 • Age 65

15. Homework: Practice Exercise 7 Talking and Writing about the Future. • What are your immediate plans for the future? • What are your long-term goals? • What do you think you will be like when you are 35?

16. Part Two Clauses and related structures of time:Present and Unspecified Time

17. 5.5 Time Clauses with the Simple Present, Present Continuous, and Present Perfect Tenses

18. 5.5 Time Clauses with the Simple Present, Present Continuous, and Present Perfect Tenses

19. Practice 1 The Evolution of Communities

20. Practice 2 • People must have a way of producing a steady supply of food. They can build settled communities. (before, after) • People build villages. Large marketplaces develop. (after, when) • Commerce expands. Cities develop. (as, as soon as) • The social structure of a village remains generally constant. The population reaches 500 to 1,000. (until, up to the time that) • Towns grow in size. Their character changes drastically. (when, once) • The population grows to several thousand. The impersonal nature of a city begins to develop. (after, as soon as)

21. Part Three Clauses and Related Structures of Cause and Result

22. 5.6 Adverb Clauses and Related Structures of Cause and Result

23. 5.6 Adverb Clauses and Related Structures of Cause and Result

24. 5.6 Adverb Clauses and Related Structures of Cause and Result

25. Practice 3: Fill in the blank because, since, because of, due to, or as a result of. • ……… his personal strength and dedication, Lenin succeeded in shaping a new Russia. • ……… Lenin was totally dedicated, he risked his life to overthrow the tsar. • ……… his political position, Lenin went into exile. • ……… he needed a way to send information back into Russia, Lenin established the newspaper Iskra (“the spark”)

26. Practice 3 • …… his power of persuasion, various groups began to support Lenin and his party, the Bolsheviks. • …... Lenin believed that only violent revolution could succeed, he fought against more moderate groups. • …... Careful planning and the economic and political confusion in Russia, Lenin and the Bolsheviks took control of the government in October of 1917. • …… his role in shaping post-tsarist Russia, Lenin still “sparks” strong feelings- both negative and positive- even 80 years after his death.

27. Part Four Clauses and Related Structures of Time: Past Time

28. 5.7 Time Clauses and Phrases with the Simple Past and Past Perfect Tenses.

29. 5.7 Time Clauses and Phrases with the Simple Past and Past Perfect Tenses.

30. 5.8 Time Clauses and Phrases with the Simple Past and Past Continuous Tenses

31. 5.8 Time Clauses and Phrases with the Simple Past and Past Continuous Tenses

32. 5.8 Time Clauses and Phrases with the Simple Past and Past Continuous Tenses

33. Review 1 Complete the following sentences by using the simple past, past continuous, or past perfect forms of the verbs in parentheses. • While these Pilgrims…… (settle) in Massachusetts, they ……(face) many problems. • There ……(be) unfriendly Indians; the winter ……(be) severe; there ……(not be) enough food.

34. Review 1 3. During the first year, many of the pilgrims ……(die). 4. However, before the year ……(be) over, the pilgrims ……(Sign) a treaty with the local Indians. 5. After a few years, they …… (produce) more food than they could eat. 6. In the years after the pilgrims ……(arrive), the population ……(grew) steadily.

35. Review 1 7. In 1650, 52,000 colonists ……(live) in North America. 8. By 1759, the population ……(increase) to over one million. 9. Colonial development ……(continue) until the revolution ……(start). 10. When the American Revolution ……(begin), there ……(be) 13 colonies.

36. Practice 2 • Combine each pair of sentences using the connecting words in parenthesis. • Change the verb tense to the past perfect in one of the clauses in each new sentence. • Remember to omit any repetitious information.

37. Practice 2 • Most of the colonists felt loyal to Britain. The British started taxing the colonies. (until) • The British Parliament increased import taxes. American merchants began to rebel. (after) • The British started to collect the new import taxes. The colonists began to organize a rebellion. (by the time) • Boston was already a center of rebellion for years. The first armed conflict occurred there in March of 1770. (by the time)

38. Practice 2 5. The fighting around Boston stopped. The British Parliament passed the Tea Act of 1773, another new set of import taxes. (soon after) 6. British soldiers started enforcing the Tea Act. Boston merchants disguised as Indians attacked a British ship. (After) 7. These merchants secretly boarded the British ship. They dumped over 300 chests of British tea into the ocean. (when)

39. End of Chapter Complete the rest of the exercises as homework!

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