II. Infectious Diseases-

1. II. Infectious Diseases- Diseases that are caused by a pathogen

2. A. Pathogens- any disease-causing invader or microbe in the body. Virus Bacteria Fungus Protist

3. 1. Viral Diseases AIDS, mumps, measles, rubella, colds, influenza, polio, smallpox, chicken pox, shingles, cold sores, and some cervical cancers and tumors are caused by viruses (man cancers are non-infectious).

4. 2. Bacterial Diseases food poisoning, tuberculosis, diphtheria, pertussis (whooping cough), tetanus, strep throat, staph infection, some meningitis, and cholera, cat scratch fever, lyme disease

5. 3. Fungal Diseases Athletes feet, yeast infection, ringworm

6. 4. Protazoan diseases Malaria, ameobic dysentery, yellow fever

7. C. Transmission of Disease Pathogens can be transmitted by— 1. direct contact 2. an object 3. the air 4. an intermediate organism called a vector (mosquito). * Genetic diseases are NOT infectious, and most cancers are NOT infectious

8. III. Lines of Defense

9. 1st Line of Defenseprotects your cells from being invaded Non-specific – they work against any pathogen 1. Physical Barriers: Skin – primary physical barrier Hair in nose & cilia & mucus in respiratory tract

12. 1st Line of Defenseprotects your cells from being invaded 2. Chemical Barriers: Stomach acid Sweat & oil glands

14. Second Line of Defensework after a cell has been invaded Non-specific Inflammation- Allergens (pollen grains, dust mites, cat dander, certain food molecules, insect venoms, etc.) bind to white blood cells in the respiratory or digestive tract, causing them to release histamines. Histamines bring more blood cells to the area, causing the redness and swelling, runny nose, sneezing, itching and mucus -an allergic reaction. We can take antihistamines to counteract the inflammatory response.

16. Second Line of Defensework after a cell has been invaded Fever – slows the growth of some pathogens. Interferon – chemical that helps nearby cells resist the invasion of viruses.

17. Third Line of Defense Specific- works against specific pathogens

18. Types of white blood cells involved: *All blood cells are made in the bone marrow. T-cells mature (become specific) in the thymus gland B-cells mature in the bone marrow Macrophage (type of phagocyte wbc)

20. 3. Steps to the Immune Response A macrophage engulfs the invader and displays the invader’s antigens (Antigens are proteins that show on the surface of the invader.) Macrophage (phagocytic cell) ingest invader, & displays invader’s antigens on its surface Antigens are recognized by specific helper T cells Helper T cells produce chemicals that: Cause more helper T cells to be made Cause B cells to multiply & some to differentiate into plasma B cells that make antibodies Cause cytotoxic T cells to multiply, which kill infected cells, foreign cells, & cancer cells Cause some memory B & T cells to be made Macrophage (phagocytic cell) ingest invader, & displays invader’s antigens on its surface Antigens are recognized by specific helper T cells Helper T cells produce chemicals that: Cause more helper T cells to be made Cause B cells to multiply & some to differentiate into plasma B cells that make antibodies Cause cytotoxic T cells to multiply, which kill infected cells, foreign cells, & cancer cells Cause some memory B & T cells to be made

21. 3. The Immune Response 2. The macrophages activate helper T-cells Macrophage (phagocytic cell) ingest invader, & displays invader’s antigens on its surface Antigens are recognized by specific helper T cells Helper T cells produce chemicals that: Cause more helper T cells to be made Cause B cells to multiply & some to differentiate into plasma B cells that make antibodies Cause cytotoxic T cells to multiply, which kill infected cells, foreign cells, & cancer cells Cause some memory B & T cells to be made Macrophage (phagocytic cell) ingest invader, & displays invader’s antigens on its surface Antigens are recognized by specific helper T cells Helper T cells produce chemicals that: Cause more helper T cells to be made Cause B cells to multiply & some to differentiate into plasma B cells that make antibodies Cause cytotoxic T cells to multiply, which kill infected cells, foreign cells, & cancer cells Cause some memory B & T cells to be made

22. 3. The Immune Response 3. Helper T cells activate more helper T cells, Killer (cytotoxic) T cells and B cells Macrophage (phagocytic cell) ingest invader, & displays invader’s antigens on its surface Antigens are recognized by specific helper T cells Helper T cells produce chemicals that: Cause more helper T cells to be made Cause B cells to multiply & some to differentiate into plasma B cells that make antibodies Cause cytotoxic T cells to multiply, which kill infected cells, foreign cells, & cancer cells Cause some memory B & T cells to be made Macrophage (phagocytic cell) ingest invader, & displays invader’s antigens on its surface Antigens are recognized by specific helper T cells Helper T cells produce chemicals that: Cause more helper T cells to be made Cause B cells to multiply & some to differentiate into plasma B cells that make antibodies Cause cytotoxic T cells to multiply, which kill infected cells, foreign cells, & cancer cells Cause some memory B & T cells to be made

23. 3. The Immune Response 4. B cells form plasma (B) cells Macrophage (phagocytic cell) ingest invader, & displays invader’s antigens on its surface Antigens are recognized by specific helper T cells Helper T cells produce chemicals that: Cause more helper T cells to be made Cause B cells to multiply & some to differentiate into plasma B cells that make antibodies Cause cytotoxic T cells to multiply, which kill infected cells, foreign cells, & cancer cells Cause some memory B & T cells to be made Macrophage (phagocytic cell) ingest invader, & displays invader’s antigens on its surface Antigens are recognized by specific helper T cells Helper T cells produce chemicals that: Cause more helper T cells to be made Cause B cells to multiply & some to differentiate into plasma B cells that make antibodies Cause cytotoxic T cells to multiply, which kill infected cells, foreign cells, & cancer cells Cause some memory B & T cells to be made

24. 3. The Immune Response 5. Plasma cells release antibodies (Y-shaped proteins) which bind to the antigen. Macrophage (phagocytic cell) ingest invader, & displays invader’s antigens on its surface Antigens are recognized by specific helper T cells Helper T cells produce chemicals that: Cause more helper T cells to be made Cause B cells to multiply & some to differentiate into plasma B cells that make antibodies Cause cytotoxic T cells to multiply, which kill infected cells, foreign cells, & cancer cells Cause some memory B & T cells to be made Macrophage (phagocytic cell) ingest invader, & displays invader’s antigens on its surface Antigens are recognized by specific helper T cells Helper T cells produce chemicals that: Cause more helper T cells to be made Cause B cells to multiply & some to differentiate into plasma B cells that make antibodies Cause cytotoxic T cells to multiply, which kill infected cells, foreign cells, & cancer cells Cause some memory B & T cells to be made

25. 3. The Immune Response 6. The binding of antibodies cause the invaders to stick together (now called an “antigen-antibody complex”), thus they are marked for destruction Macrophage (phagocytic cell) ingest invader, & displays invader’s antigens on its surface Antigens are recognized by specific helper T cells Helper T cells produce chemicals that: Cause more helper T cells to be made Cause B cells to multiply & some to differentiate into plasma B cells that make antibodies Cause cytotoxic T cells to multiply, which kill infected cells, foreign cells, & cancer cells Cause some memory B & T cells to be made Macrophage (phagocytic cell) ingest invader, & displays invader’s antigens on its surface Antigens are recognized by specific helper T cells Helper T cells produce chemicals that: Cause more helper T cells to be made Cause B cells to multiply & some to differentiate into plasma B cells that make antibodies Cause cytotoxic T cells to multiply, which kill infected cells, foreign cells, & cancer cells Cause some memory B & T cells to be made

26. 3. The Immune Response 7. Macrophage consume antibody-antigen complex and dead cells Macrophage (phagocytic cell) ingest invader, & displays invader’s antigens on its surface Antigens are recognized by specific helper T cells Helper T cells produce chemicals that: Cause more helper T cells to be made Cause B cells to multiply & some to differentiate into plasma B cells that make antibodies Cause cytotoxic T cells to multiply, which kill infected cells, foreign cells, & cancer cells Cause some memory B & T cells to be made Macrophage (phagocytic cell) ingest invader, & displays invader’s antigens on its surface Antigens are recognized by specific helper T cells Helper T cells produce chemicals that: Cause more helper T cells to be made Cause B cells to multiply & some to differentiate into plasma B cells that make antibodies Cause cytotoxic T cells to multiply, which kill infected cells, foreign cells, & cancer cells Cause some memory B & T cells to be made

27. 8. Killer T cells destroy infected body cells, foreign cells and cancer cells 3. The Immune Response Plasma cells release antibodies which find the invader (recognizing antigen), and clump together making it unable to infect more cells Macrophages consume antigen-antibody complexes, dead white cells, and dead body cells Memory B & T cells circulate in the body for years, making immune response faster Plasma cells release antibodies which find the invader (recognizing antigen), and clump together making it unable to infect more cells Macrophages consume antigen-antibody complexes, dead white cells, and dead body cells Memory B & T cells circulate in the body for years, making immune response faster

28. 9. Memory B and T cells circulate in the body for years making the immune response much faster 3. The Immune Response Plasma cells release antibodies which find the invader (recognizing antigen), and clump together making it unable to infect more cells Macrophages consume antigen-antibody complexes, dead white cells, and dead body cells Memory B & T cells circulate in the body for years, making immune response faster Plasma cells release antibodies which find the invader (recognizing antigen), and clump together making it unable to infect more cells Macrophages consume antigen-antibody complexes, dead white cells, and dead body cells Memory B & T cells circulate in the body for years, making immune response faster

29. Immune System Response

32. D. Immunity

33. A. Active Immunity 1. Occurs when a person’s own body produces its own antibodies to an invader 2. It is obtained by having and recovering from an infection, or by receiving a vaccination that promotes antibody production 3. It is long lasting 4. Vaccine- a weakened or dead pathogen

34. B. Passive Immunity 1. Occurs when a person receives antibodies from another source 2. Baby receives from mothers milk & across placenta 3. Direct antibody injections to combat venoms or deadly bacterial toxins 4. It is temporary

35. HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus Transmitted via blood, semen, or through the placenta Sharing needles and sexual contact remain the two major ways HIV is transmitted

36. HIV primarily infects helper T cells Killer T cells kill the infected helper T cells Thus the body has a reduced ability to fight off everyday invaders