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Fundamentals of Biotechnology

Fundamentals of Biotechnology . Short History of rDNA Techq Lecturer # 03.

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Fundamentals of Biotechnology

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  1. Fundamentals of Biotechnology Short History of rDNA Techq Lecturer # 03

  2. 1869:Johann Friedrich Miescheridentifies a weakly acidic substance of unknown function in the nuclei of human white blood cells. (DNA).1909:British physician Archibald Garrodfirst proposes the relationship between genes and proteins (Gene ---Protein).1912:Physicist Sir William Henry Bragg, and his son, Sir William Lawrence Bragg, discover that they can deduce the atomic structure of crystals from their X-ray diffraction patterns.

  3. Continued!! • 1924 Microscope studies using stains for DNA and protein show that both substances are present in chromosomes. • 1928Franklin Griffith, a British medical officer, discovers that genetic information can be transferred from heat-killed bacteria cells to live ones. (Called transformation, --heat-stable chemical). • 1930sGeorge Beadle and Edward Tatum support Garrod's hypothesis. This evidence will give rise to the "one gene-one protein hypothesis," that each protein in a cell results from the expression of a single gene.

  4. Continued!! • 1944:Oswald Avery, and his colleagues Maclyn McCarty and Colin MacLeod, identify Griffith's transforming agent as DNA. • 1949:Erwin Chargaff, a biochemist, reports that DNA composition is species specific; that is, that the amount of DNA and its nitrogenous bases varies from one species to another. In addition, Chargaff finds that the amount of (A=T) and (G=C) in DNA from every species. • 1953:James Watson and Francis Crick discover the molecular structure of DNA. • 1957: Biologists discover that some strains of bacterium are resistant to antibiotics. Later scientists will find that this resistance is transferred by plasmids.

  5. Continued!!! • 1961: Sidney Brenner and Francis Crick establish that groups of three nucleotide bases, or codons, are used to specify individual amino acids. • 1962: Francis Crick, James Watson, and Maurice Wilkins receive the Nobel Prize for determining the molecular structure of DNA. • 1966:The genetic code is deciphered when biochemical analysis reveals which codons determine which amino acids. • 1970:Hamilton Smith, at Johns Hopkins Medical School, isolates the first restriction enzyme. • 1972:Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer combine their efforts to create recombinant DNA. This technology was the beginning of the biotechnology industry.

  6. Continued!!! • 1976: Herbert Boyer and Robert A. Swanson cofounds Genentech, the first firm founded in the United States to apply recombinant DNA technology. • 1978: Somatostatin, which regulates human growth hormones, is the first human protein made using recombinant technology. • 1982: The first recombinant protein (human insulin) appears on the market. • 1983: Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique conceived (Kary Banks Mullis).

  7. Continued!!! • 1990 : Launch of the Human Genome Project (HGP), an international effort to sequence the human genome. • 1995: The first genome sequence of an organism (Haemophilusinfluenzae) is determined. • 2000: A first draft of the human genome sequence is completed. • 2005: Over 40 million gene sequences are in Gen Bank, and genome sequences of hundreds of prokaryotes and dozens of eukaryotes are finished or in draft stage.

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